ASTRONOMY - Meteors and Auroras over Iceland

 2021 December 13

Meteors and Auroras over Iceland
Image Credit & Copyright: James Boardman-Woodend; Annotation: Judy Schmidt

Explanation: What's going on behind that mountain? Quite a bit. First of all, the mountain itself, named Kirkjufell, is quite old and located in western Iceland near the town of Grundarfjörður. In front of the steeply-sloped structure lies a fjord that had just begun to freeze when the above image was taken -- in mid-December of 2012. Although quite faint to the unaided eye, the beautiful colors of background aurorae became quite apparent on the 25-second exposure. What makes this image of particular note, though, is that it also captures streaks from the Geminids meteor shower -- meteors that might not have been evident were the aurora much brighter. Far in the distance, on the left, is the band of our Milky Way Galaxy, while stars from our local part of the Milky Way appear spread across the background. Tonight the Geminids meteor shower peaks again and may well provide sky enthusiasts with their own memorable visual experiences.

AERONAUTIQUE - Avions de légende - Le Spitfire

Avec le Messerschmitt Bf 109, le Supermarine Spitfire est l'autre avion de chasse légendaire à s'être illustré durant la seconde guerre mondiale. C'est notamment grâce à lui que la Royal Air Force britannique a pu remporter la célèbre bataille d'Angleterre.

Ce monoplan à ailes elliptiques se caractérise par son profil très aérodynamique qui lui permettait d'atteindre les 650 km/h grâce à son moteur Rolls-Royce. Le Supermarine Spitfire fut produit à plus de 20.300 exemplaires, avec des déclinaisons utilisées par plusieurs pays, notamment l'Égypte, la France, Israël ou encore la Turquie.

© Jez, CC by-nc 2.0

ASTRONOMY - Comet Leonard Before Star Cluster M3

 2021 December 12

Comet Leonard Before Star Cluster M3
Image Credit & Copyright: Dan Bartlett

Explanation: Comet Leonard is now visible to the unaided eye -- but just barely. Passing nearest to the Earth today, the comet is best seen this week soon after sunset, toward the west, low on the horizon. Currently best visible in the north, by late December the comet will best be seen from south of Earth's equator. The featured image of Comet C/2021 A1 (Leonard) was taken a week ago from California, USA. The deep exposure shows in great detail the comet's green gas coma and developing dust tail. The comet -- across our inner Solar System and only light-minutes away -- was captured passing nearly in front of globular star cluster M3. In contrast, M3 is about 35,000 light-years away. In a week, Comet Leonard will pass unusually close to Venus, but will continue on and be at its closest to the Sun in early January.

ASTRONOMY - Eclipse on a Polar Day

2021 December 10

Eclipse on a Polar Day
Image Credit & Copyright: Stephanie Ziyi Ye

Explanation: During polar day, in Arctic and Antarctic summer, the Sun stays above the horizon for periods of 24 hours or more. Recorded on December 4, this fisheye timelapse image tracks the Sun in multiple frames as it completes a circle in the summer sky above Union Glacier, Antarctica. Of course on that date, Union Glacier's sky did grow dark even though the Sun was above the horizon. Captured during the brief period of totality, an eclipsed Sun is at bottom center of the composite view. Near the edge of the total eclipse path across planet Earth, the Moon's shadow darkens the sky above. 

ASTRONOMY - A Total Eclipse of the Sun

 2021 December 9

A Total Eclipse of the Sun
Image Credit & Copyright: Theo Boris, Christian A. Lockwood, David Zimmerman (JM Pasachoff Antarctic Expedition)
Compositing: Zev Hoover and Ronald Dantowitz (MARS Scientific)

Explanation: Few were able to stand in the Moon's shadow and watch the December 4 total eclipse of the Sun. Determined by celestial mechanics and not geographical boundaries, the narrow path of totality tracked across planet Earth's relatively inaccessible southernmost continent. Still, some enthusiastic and well-insulated eclipse chasers were rewarded with the dazzling spectacle in Antarctica's cold but clear skies. Taken just before the brief totality began, this image from a ground-based telescope inside the edge of the shadow path at Union Glacier catches a glimmer of sunlight near the top of the silhouetted lunar disk. Look closely for the pinkish solar prominences arcing above the Sun's limb. During totality, the magnificent solar corona, the Sun's outer atmosphere, made its much anticipated appearance, seen in the composite view streaming far from the Sun's edge.

AERONAUTIQUE - Avions de légende - Messerschmitt Me 262

Cet éphémère chasseur-bombardier allemand, monoplace, de la seconde guerre mondiale, qui a volé entre 1944 et 1945, est le premier avion militaire à réaction. Les premiers essais ont lieu en 1941 (avec un moteur à pistons) et en 1942 avec deux réacteurs.

Les vitesses atteintes en opération dépassaient les 800 km/h. Plus rapide que n'importe quel autre avion de l'époque, le Me 262 était très difficile à abattre et efficace en attaque. Cependant, son autonomie était faible, à peine plus d'une heure, ce qui donnait une distance franchissable d'un millier de kilomètres au maximum, donc un rayon d'action bien inférieur à la moitié en opérations. Ses réacteurs délivraient une puissance faible à basses vitesses. Capricieux, ils réagissaient mal aux remises de gaz, parfois en s'éteignant. La maîtrise du ciel par les armées alliées à partir du printemps 1944 a rendu difficile l'exploitation du Me 262 par l'armée allemande.

© Noop1958, Wikimedia commons, DP

ASTRONOMY - Comet Hale-Bopp Over Val Parola Pass

2021 December 8

Comet Hale-Bopp Over Val Parola Pass
Image Credit & Copyright: A. Dimai, (Col Druscie Obs.), AAC

Explanation: Comet Hale-Bopp, the Great Comet of 1997, became much brighter than any surrounding stars. It was seen even over bright city lights. Away from city lights, however, it put on quite a spectacular show. Here Comet Hale-Bopp was photographed above Val Parola Pass in the Dolomite mountains surrounding Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. Comet Hale-Bopp's blue ion tail, consisting of ions from the comet's nucleus, is pushed out by the solar wind. The white dust tail is composed of larger particles of dust from the nucleus driven by the pressure of sunlight, that orbit behind the comet. Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) remained visible to the unaided eye for 18 months -- longer than any other comet in recorded history. The large comet is next expected to return around the year 4385. This month, Comet Leonard is brightening and may soon become visible to the unaided eye. 

ASTRONOMY - Ninety Gravitational Wave Spectrograms and Counting

2021 December 7

Ninety Gravitational Wave Spectrograms and Counting
Image Credit: NSF, LIGO, VIRGO, KAGRA, Georgia Tech, Vanderbilt U.; Graphic : Sudarshan Ghonge & Karan Jani

Explanation: Every time two massive black holes collide, a loud chirping sound is broadcast out into the universe in gravitational waves. Humanity has only had the technology to hear these unusual chirps for the past seven years, but since then we have heard about 90 -- during the first three observing runs. Featured above are the spectrograms -- plots of gravitational-wave frequency versus time -- of these 90 as detected by the giant detectors of LIGO (in the USA), VIRGO (in Europe), and KAGRA (in Japan). The more energy received on Earth from a collision, the brighter it appears on the graphic. Among many science firsts, these gravitational-radiation chirps are giving humanity an unprecedented inventory of black holes and neutron stars, and a new way to measure the expansion rate of our universe. A fourth gravitational wave observing run with increased sensitivity is currently planned to begin in 2022 December.

AERONAUTIQUE - Avions de légende - Le Corsair

Ce chasseur-bombardier monoplace de l'armée américaine de près de quatre tonnes à vide a été conçu autour d'un puissant moteur Pratt & Whitney, de 2.000 chevaux. Construit à partir de 1942, il a d'abord été engagé dans la guerre du Pacifique, durant la seconde guerre mondiale.

Reconnaissable à son aile en W (qui permettait de raccourcir les jambes du train d'atterrissage), il était très rapide pour l'époque (plus de 600 km/h) et conçu pour se poser sur les porte-avions. L'avion a été ensuite utilisé par l'armée française en Indochine, à partir de 1952.

Le « Corsair » doit aussi sa célébrité à une série télévisée, Les têtes brûlées en français, diffusée dans les années 1970. Le comédien Robert Conrad y jouait le rôle de Gregory « Pappy » Boyington, qui a réellement existé.

© Gerry Metzler, Flickr, CC by-sa 2.0

ASTRONOMY - Space Station Silhouette on the Moon

 2021 December 6

Space Station Silhouette on the Moon
Image Credit & Copyright: Andrew McCarthy

Explanation: What's that unusual spot on the Moon? It's the International Space Station. Using precise timing, the Earth-orbiting space platform was photographed in front of a partially lit gibbous Moon last month. The featured composite, taken from Payson, Arizona, USA last month, was intricately composed by combining, in part, many 1/2000-second images from a video of the ISS crossing the Moon. A close inspection of this unusually crisp ISS silhouette will reveal the outlines of numerous solar panels and trusses. The bright crater Tycho is visible on the upper left, as well as comparatively rough, light colored terrain known as highlands, and relatively smooth, dark colored areas known as maria. On-line tools can tell you when the International Space Station will be visible from your area.