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31/12/2022

 2022 December 31

See Explanation.  Clicking on the picture will download
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Moon over Makemake
Illustration Credit: Alex H. Parker (Southwest Research Institute)

Explanation: Makemake (sounds like MAH-kay MAH-kay), second brightest dwarf planet of the Kuiper belt, has a moon. Nicknamed MK2, Makemake's moon reflects sunlight with a charcoal-dark surface, about 1,300 times fainter than its parent body. Still, in 2016 it was spotted in Hubble Space Telescope observations intended to search for faint companions with the same technique used to find the small satellites of Pluto. Just as for Pluto and its satellites, further observations of Makemake and orbiting moon will measure the system's mass and density and allow a broader understanding of the distant worlds. About 160 kilometers (100 miles) across compared to Makemake's 1,400 kilometer diameter, MK2's relative size and contrast are shown in this artist's vision. An imagined scene of an unexplored frontier of the Solar System, it looks back from a spacecraft's vantage as the dim Sun shines along the Milky Way. Of course, the Sun is over 50 times farther from Makemake than it is from planet Earth.

29/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - Horsehead and Flame

 2022 December 29

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Horsehead and Flame
Image Credit & Copyright: Jason Close

Explanation: The Horsehead Nebula, famous celestial dark marking also known as Barnard 33, is notched against a background glow of emission nebulae in this sharp cosmic skyscape. About five light-years "tall" the Horsehead lies some 1,500 light-years away in the constellation of Orion. Within the region's fertile molecular cloud complex, the expanse of obscuring dust has a recognizable shape only by chance from our perspective in the Milky Way though. Orion's easternmost belt star, bright Alnitak, is to the left of center. Energetic ultraviolet light from Alnitak powers the glow of dusty NGC 2024, the Flame Nebula, just below it. Completing a study in cosmic contrasts, bluish reflection nebula NGC 2023 is below the Horsehead itself. This well-framed telescopic field spans about 3 full moons on the sky.

28/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - Messier 88

 2022 December 28

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Messier 88
Image Credit & Copyright: Adam BlockMt. Lemmon SkyCenterU. Arizona

Explanation: Charles Messier described the 88th entry in his 18th century catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters as a spiral nebula without stars. Of course the gorgeous M88 is now understood to be a galaxy full of stars, gas, and dust, not unlike our own Milky Way. In fact, M88 is one of the brightest galaxies in the Virgo Galaxy Cluster some 50 million light-years away. M88's beautiful spiral arms are easy to trace in this sharp cosmic portait. The arms are lined with young blue star clusters, pink star-forming regions, and obscuring dust lanes extending from a yellowish core dominated by an older population of stars. Spiral galaxy M88 spans over 100,000 light-years.

27/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - A Full Circle Rainbow over Norway

 2022 December 27

The featured image shows two complete circular rainbows
centered on a mountainous island. 
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

A Full Circle Rainbow over Norway
Image Credit & Copyright: Lukas Moesch

Explanation: Have you ever seen an entire rainbow? From the ground, typically, only the top portion of a rainbow is visible because directions toward the ground have fewer raindrops. From the air, though, the entire 360-degree circle of a rainbow is more commonly visible. Pictured here, a full-circle rainbow was captured over the Lofoten Islands of Norway in September by a drone passing through a rain shower. An observer-dependent phenomenon primarily caused by the internal reflection of sunlight by raindrops, the rainbow has a full diameter of 84 degrees. The Sun is in the exact opposite direction from the rainbow's center. As a bonus, a second rainbow that was more faint and color-reversed was visible outside the first.

ASTRONOMY - NGC 6164: Dragon's Egg Nebula and Halo

 2022 December 26

The featured image shows a star inside a symmetric but complex
and multi-colored nebula which is all surrounded by a faint blue nebula.
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

NGC 6164: Dragon's Egg Nebula and Halo
Image Credit & Copyright: Russell Croman

Explanation: The star at the center created everything. Known as the Dragon's Egg, this star -- a rare, hot, luminous O-type star some 40 times as massive as the Sun -- created not only the complex nebula (NGC 6164) that immediately surrounds it, but also the encompassing blue halo. Its name is derived, in part, from the region's proximity to the picturesque NGC 6188, known as the fighting Dragons of Ara. In another three to four million years the massive star will likely end its life in a supernova explosion. Spanning around 4 light-years, the nebula itself has a bipolar symmetry making it similar in appearance to more common planetary nebulae - the gaseous shrouds surrounding dying sun-like stars. Also like many planetary nebulae, NGC 6164 has been found to have an extensive, faint halo, revealed in blue in this deep telescopic image of the region. Expanding into the surrounding interstellar medium, the material in the blue halo was likely expelled from an earlier active phase of the O-star. NGC 6164 lies 4,200 light-years away in the southern constellation of the Carpenter's Square (Norma).

26/12/2022

BIOMIMETISME - La Nature inspire la Science - La cape d'invisibilité des seiches inspire les roboticiens


La cape d'invisibilité d'Harry Potter semble bien pratique. Peut-être que l'auteure, J.K Rowling, s'est inspirée des seiches pour l'inventer. Si les seiches ne disparaissent pas, elles sont capables de se fondre dans leur environnement, tout comme les pieuvres, pour devenir pratiquement invisibles. Cela est possible grâce à leur peau qui est constituée comme un feuillet de trois couches de cellules pigmentaires : les leucophores qui prennent une teinte blanche, les iridophores qui réfléchissent la lumière et prennent un aspect iridescent, et enfin, une dernière couche de chromatophores qui peuvent changer de couleur rapidement.

Cette peau de « caméléon » a inspiré les scientifiques du milieu de la robotique : en 2017, une équipe a conçu une cape d'invisibilité en s'inspirant de la peau des seiches. La peau synthétique en silicone peut être programmée pour réaliser des formes et des motifs complexes.

© Hans Hillewaert, Wikimedia Commons, CC by-sa 4.0
FuturaSciences

MERVEILLEUX MONDE SOUS-MARIN - Épave du SS Yongala - Australie


Crédit photo: 4 hours 1000 places

Au large de l’Etat du Queensland en Australie, on peut retrouver l’épave du SS Yongala, un paquebot qui a coulé en 1911 après avoir été touché par un cyclone. Un lieu célèbre pour la plongée, pour admirer les vestiges du navire découvert en 1958, et le biodiversité sous-marine locale.

GenerationVoyage

25/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - Geminids and the Mittens

 2022 December 25

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Geminids and the Mittens
Image Credit & Copyright: Chuck Derus

Explanation: Asteroid 3200 Phaethon's annual gift to planet Earth always arrives in December. Otherwise known as the Geminid meteor shower, the source of the meteroid stream is dust shed along the orbit of the mysterious asteroid. Near the December 13/14 peak of the shower's activity, geminid meteors are captured in this night skyscape, composited from 22 images of starry sky taken before the moon rose over Monument Valley in the American southwest. The bright stars near the position of the shower's radiant are the constellation Gemini's twin stars Castor (blue) and Pollux (yellow). As Earth sweeps through the dusty stream, the parallel meteor trails appear to radiate from a point on the sky in Gemini due to perspective, and so the yearly shower is named for the constellation. From the camera's perspective, this view of three prominent buttes across Monument Valley also suggests appropriate names for two of them. The third one is called Merrick Butte.

MUSICA - Luciano Pavarotti - Ave Maria (Scubert)

"Ave Maria"

24/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - Comet 2022 E3 (ZTF)

 2022 December 24

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Comet 2022 E3 (ZTF)
Image Credit & Copyright: Dan Bartlett

Explanation: Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) was discovered by astronomers using the wide-field survey camera at the Zwicky Transient Facility this year in early March. Since then the new long-period comet has brightened substantially and is now sweeping across the northern constellation Corona Borealis in predawn skies. It's still too dim to see without a telescope though. But this fine telescopic image from December 19 does show the comet's brighter greenish coma, short broad dust tail, and long faint ion tail stretching across a 2.5 degree wide field-of-view. On a voyage through the inner Solar System comet 2022 E3 will be at perihelion, its closest to the Sun, in the new year on January 12 and at perigee, its closest to our fair planet, on February 1. The brightness of comets is notoriously unpredictable, but by then C/2022 E3 (ZTF) could become only just visible to the eye in dark night skies.

23/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - Cassini Looks Out from Saturn

 2022 December 23

The featured image shows a black and white image with
Saturn's orb dominating the image bottom and Saturn's rings
dominating the image top. 
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Cassini Looks Out from Saturn
Image Credit: NASAJPL-CaltechSpace Science Institute

Explanation: This is what Saturn looks like from inside the rings. In 2017, for the first time, NASA directed the Cassini spacecraft to swoop between Saturn and its rings. During the dive, the robotic spacecraft took hundreds of images showing unprecedented detail for structures in Saturn's atmosphere. Looking back out, however, the spacecraft was also able to capture impressive vistas. In the featured image, taken a few hours before closest approach, Saturn's unusual northern hexagon is seen surrounding the North Pole. Saturn's B ring is the closest visible, while the dark Cassini Division separates B from the outer A. A close inspection will find the two small moons that shepherd the F-ring, the farthest ring discernable. A few months after this image was taken -- and after more than a decade of exploration and discovery -- the Cassini spacecraft ran low on fuel and was directed to enter Saturn's atmosphere, where it surely melted.

22/12/2022

BIOMIMETISME - LA SCIENCE S'INSPIRE DE LA NATURE - De la peau de requin sur des avions

La peau des requins est aussi une source d'inspiration. Si cela ne saute pas yeux, elle est en réalité recouverte de millions de petites « dents » appelées denticules cutanées. Grâce à cela, le requin améliore sa glisse dans l'eau et cette peau permet à certaines espèces, comme le requin mako, de faire des pointes de vitesse à environ 60 km/h.

Les équipementiers sportifs se sont inspirés de la peau des squales pour concevoir une combinaison de natation pour les nageurs professionnels. La collection Fastskin de Speedo, notamment, copie la peau des requins mako. Airbus a aussi recouvert certains de ses avions de revêtement strié qui imite les denticules cutanées.

© Stevelaycock21, Wikimedia Commons, CC by-sa 4.0
FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - NGC 1365: Majestic Island Universe

 2022 December 22

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NGC 1365: Majestic Island Universe
Image Credit & Copyright: Martin Pugh

Explanation: Barred spiral galaxy NGC 1365 is truly a majestic island universe some 200,000 light-years across. Located a mere 60 million light-years away toward the faint but heated constellation Fornax, NGC 1365 is a dominant member of the well-studied Fornax Cluster of galaxies. This impressively sharp color image shows the intense, reddish star forming regions near the ends of central bar and along the spiral arms, with details of the obscuring dust lanes cutting across the galaxy's bright core. At the core lies a supermassive black hole. Astronomers think NGC 1365's prominent bar plays a crucial role in the galaxy's evolution, drawing gas and dust into a star-forming maelstrom and ultimately feeding material into the central black hole.

21/12/2022

MERVEILLES SOUS-MARINES - Héracléion, Egypte

Crédit photo: Ancient Explorers

La fameuse cité d’Héracléion a été retrouvée dans les années 2000 engloutie près d’Alexandrie en Egypte. Des découvertes majeures ont été faites comme des statues et le palais de Cléopâtre en personne.

GenerationVoyage

ASTRONOMY - Sun Halo at Sixty-three Degrees North

 2022 December 21

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Sun Halo at Sixty-three Degrees North
Image Credit & Copyright: Goran Strand

Explanation: Happy Solstice! Today is the December solstice, marking an astronomical beginning of summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the north. On its yearly trek through planet Earth's skies, at this solstice the Sun reaches its southern most declination, 23.5 degrees south, at 21:48 UTC. About 4 days ago the Sun was near this seasonal southern limit and so only just above the horizon at local noon over Ostersund in central Sweden. This view looking over the far northern lakeside city finds the midday Sun with a beautiful solar ice halo. Naturally occurring atmospheric ice crystals can produce the tantalizing halo displays, refracting and reflecting the sunlight through their hexagonal geometry. Still, with the Sun low and near the horizon in the clear sky, likely sources of the ice crystals producing this intense halo are snow cannons. Operating at a local ski area, the snowmaking machines create a visible plume at the top of the nearby island Froson toward the right side of the panorama.

20/12/2022

MERVEILLES SOUS-MARINES - Grande barrière de corail, Australie


Crédit photo: Flickr – Toby Hudson

Sûrement l’une des merveilles sous-marines la plus connue dans le monde, la Grande Barrière de Corail est le plus grand spécimen sur Terre. Vous la retrouvez sur la cote Nord de l’Australie et vous pouvez même la voir depuis l’espace avec ces 2300 km de longueur.

GenerationVoyage

ASTRONOMY - Thor's Helmet

 2022 December 20

The featured image shows a nebula in blue and red
that looks like a helmet. 
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Thor's Helmet
Image Credit & Copyright: Hannah Rochford

Explanation: Thor not only has his own day (Thursday), but a helmet in the heavens. Popularly called Thor's Helmet, NGC 2359 is a hat-shaped cosmic cloud with wing-like appendages. Heroically sized even for a Norse god, Thor's Helmet is about 30 light-years across. In fact, the cosmic head-covering is more like an interstellar bubble, blown with a fast wind from the bright, massive star near the bubble's center. Known as a Wolf-Rayet star, the central star is an extremely hot giant thought to be in a brief, pre-supernova stage of evolution. NGC 2359 is located about 15,000 light-years away toward the constellation of the Great Overdog. This remarkably sharp image is a mixed cocktail of data from narrowband filters, capturing not only natural looking stars but details of the nebula's filamentary structures. The star in the center of Thor's Helmet is expected to explode in a spectacular supernova sometime within the next few thousand years.

19/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - The Tadpole Nebula in Gas and Dust

 2022 December 19

The featured image shows a glowing star forming region
rich in glowing gas and dark dust. Two dusty pillars on the 
right resemble tadpoles.  
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

The Tadpole Nebula in Gas and Dust
Image Credit & Copyright: Craig Stocks (Utah Desert Remote Observatories)

Explanation: What's causing the commotion in the Tadpole Nebula? Star formation. Dusty emission in the Tadpole Nebula, IC 410, lies about 12,000 light-years away in the northern constellation of the Charioteer (Auriga). The cloud of glowing gas is over 100 light-years across, sculpted by stellar winds and radiation from embedded open star cluster NGC 1893. Formed in the interstellar cloud a mere 4 million years ago, bright newly formed cluster stars are seen all around the star-forming nebula. Notable on the lower-right of the featured image are two relatively dense streamers of material trailing away from the nebula's central regions. Potentially sites of ongoing star formation in IC 410, these cosmic tadpole shapes are about 10 light-years long. The image was processed highlighting the emission from sulfur (red), hydrogen (green), and oxygen (blue) gas -- but with the stars digitally removed.

18/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - 25 Brightest Stars in the Night Sky

 2022 December 18

The featured image shows a grid of the 25 brightest stars 
in the night with their observed colors and with the brightest 
on the upper left.
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

25 Brightest Stars in the Night Sky
Image Credit & Copyright: Tragoolchitr Jittasaiyapan

Explanation: Do you know the names of some of the brightest stars? It's likely that you do, even though some bright stars have names so old they date back to near the beginning of written language. Many world cultures have their own names for the brightest stars, and it is culturally and historically important to remember them. In the interest of clear global communication, however, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) has begun to designate standardized star names. Featured here in true color are the 25 brightest stars in the night sky, currently as seen by humans, coupled with their IAU-recognized names. Some star names have interesting meanings, including Sirius ("the scorcher" in Latin), Vega ("falling" in Arabic), and Antares ("rival to Mars" in Greek). You are likely even familiar with the name of at least one star too dim to make this list: Polaris.

17/12/2022

MERVEILLES SOUS-MARINES - Mont hydrothermal (Equateur)

Crédit photo: Wikimedia – NOAA

En 1977, au large des cotes de l’Equateur, ont été découvertes des sources hydrothermales à 2400 m de profondeur. Ces fumées sont causées par la divergence de deux plaques tectoniques.

GenerationVoyages

ASTRONOMY - Apollo 17 VIP Site Anaglyph

 2022 December 17

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Apollo 17 VIP Site Anaglyph
Image Credit: Gene CernanApollo 17NASA; Anaglyph by Erik van Meijgaarden

Explanation: Get out your red/blue glasses and check out this stereo scene from Taurus-Littrow valley on the Moon! The color anaglyph features a detailed 3D view of Apollo 17's Lunar Rover in the foreground -- behind it lies the Lunar Module and distant lunar hills. Because the world was going to be able to watch the Lunar Module's ascent stage liftoff via the rover's TV camera, this parking place was also known as the VIP Site. Fifty years ago, in December of 1972, Apollo 17 astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt spent about 75 hours on the Moon, while colleague Ronald Evans orbited overhead. The crew returned with 110 kilograms of rock and soil samples, more than from any of the other lunar landing sites. Cernan and Schmitt are still the last to walk (or driveon the Moon.

16/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - The Geminid

 2022 December 16

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The Geminid
Image Credit & Copyright: Jeff Dai (TWAN)

Explanation: Returning from beyond the Moon, on December 11 the Orion spacecraft entered Earth's atmosphere at almost 11 kilometers per second. That's half the speed of the grain of dust that created this long fireball meteor when it entered the atmosphere on December 13, near the peak of the annual Geminid meteor shower. As our fair planet makes its yearly pass through the dust trail of mysterious asteroid 3200 Phaethon, the parallel tracks of all Geminid meteors appear to radiate from a point in the constellation Gemini. But the twin stars of Gemini hide just behind the trees on the left in this night skyscape from the beautiful Blue Moon Valley, Yunnan, China. Reflected in the still waters of the mountain lake, stars of the constellation Orion are rising near center. Captured before moonrise, dazzling Mars is still the brightest celestial beacon in the scene.

15/12/2022

MUSICA - Luciano Pavarotti - (Verdi - La Traviata)

"Brindisi"

ASTRONOMY - Full Moon, Full Mars

 2022 December 15

See Explanation.  Clicking on the picture will download
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Full Moon, Full Mars
Image Credit & Copyright: Tomas Slovinsky

Explanation: On December 8 a full Moon and a full Mars were close, both bright and opposite the Sun in planet Earth's sky. In fact Mars was occulted, passing behind the Moon when viewed from some locations across Europe and North America. Seen from the city of Kosice in eastern Slovakia, the lunar occultation of Mars happened just before sunrise. The tantalizing spectacle was recorded in this telescopic timelapse sequence of exposures. It took about an hour for the Red Planet to disappear behind the lunar disk and then reappear as a warm-hued full Moon, the last full Moon of 2022, sank toward the western horizon. The next lunar occultation of bright planet Mars will be in the new year on January 3, when the Moon is in a waxing gibbous phase. Lunar occultations are only ever visible from a fraction of the Earth's surface, though. The January 3 occultation of Mars will be visible from parts of the South Atlantic, southern Africa, and the Indian Ocean.

14/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - Lunar Dust and Duct Tape

 2022 December 14

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Lunar Dust and Duct Tape
Image Credit: Apollo 17NASA

Explanation: Why is the Moon so dusty? On Earth, rocks are weathered by wind and water, creating soil and sand. On the Moon, the history of constant micrometeorite bombardment has blasted away at the rocky surface creating a layer of powdery lunar soil or regolith. For the Apollo astronauts and their equipment, the pervasive, fine, gritty dust was definitely a problem. Fifty years ago, on the lunar surface in December 1972, Apollo 17 astronauts Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan needed to repair one of their rover's fenders in an effort to keep the rooster tails of dust away from themselves and their gear. This picture reveals the wheel and fender of their dust covered rover along with the ingenious application of spare maps, clamps, and a grey strip of "duct tape".

13/12/2022

BIOMIMETISME - Des éoliennes imaginées à partir des nageoires des baleines


Leur taille n'empêche pas les baleines à bosse d'être agiles et gracieuses. Leurs nageoires pectorales, qui peuvent atteindre près d'un tiers de leur taille, leur permettent de réaliser d'impressionnants sauts au-dessus de la surface. Outre leur taille, les nageoires des baleines possèdent une autre caractéristique qui est intéressante en biomimétique : des protubérances, ou bosses, sur toute sa longueur.

Cette particularité anatomique a été utilisée pour concevoir des pales d'éoliennes afin de limiter le risque du décrochage, ce moment où l'angle de la pale n'est plus optimal et où la portance diminue drastiquement et donc ses performances aérodynamiques. Grâce à l'ajout de protubérances, les pales inspirées des baleines ont une meilleure résistance au décrochage, supérieure de 40 % par rapport aux pales classiques. La société canadienne WhalePower a conçu des éoliennes selon ce principe.

© Whit Welles, Wikimedia Commons, CC by-sa 3.0
FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - An Artful Sky over Lofoten Islands

 2022 December 13

The featured image shows a person standing in mountainous
terrain holding a light. Above are many sky icons including 
auroral arcs, the arc of the Milky Way, a meteor, and the
stars of the Big Dipper.
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

An Artful Sky over Lofoten Islands
Image Credit & Copyright: Giulio Cobianchi

Explanation: Can the night sky be both art and science? If so, perhaps the featured image is an example. The digital panorama was composed of 10 landscape and 10 sky images all taken on the same night, from the same location, and with the same camera. Iconic features in the image have been artfully brightened, and the ground nearby was artfully illuminated. Visible in the foreground is the creative photographer anchoring an amazing view from the rugged Lofoten Islands of Norway, two months ago, by holding a lamp. Far in the distance are three prominent arches: our Milky Way Galaxy on the left, while a scientifically-unusual double-arced aurora is documented on the right. A meteor is highlighted between them. Other notable skylights include, left to right, the Andromeda Galaxy, the planet Jupiter, the star Vega, and the stars that compose the Big Dipper asterism.

12/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - An Unusual Globule in IC 1396

 2022 December 12

The featured image shows an interstellar gas globule
that looks like a monster superposed against a glowing red
background.
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

An Unusual Globule in IC 1396
Image Credit & Copyright: Bernard Miller

Explanation: Is there a monster in IC 1396? Known to some as the Elephant's Trunk Nebula, parts of gas and dust clouds of this star formation region may appear to take on foreboding forms, some nearly human. The only real monster here, however, is a bright young star too far from Earth to hurt us. Energetic light from this star is eating away the dust of the dark cometary globule near the top of the featured imageJets and winds of particles emitted from this star are also pushing away ambient gas and dust. Nearly 3,000 light-years distant, the relatively faint IC 1396 complex covers a much larger region on the sky than shown here, with an apparent width of more than 10 full moons.

11/12/2022

BIOMIMETISME - Quand les termites inspirent les architectes


Les termitières peuvent atteindre plusieurs mètres de haut et abriter plusieurs milliers d'insectes. Les espèces qui vivent dans les pays chauds, comme en Namibie par exemple, doivent faire face à un challenge de taille : ne pas mourir de chaud. Les termites font alors preuve d'une grande intelligence lors de la construction de leur foyer. Elles creusent de longues galeries qui relient entre elles des loges. Ces galeries débouchent sur l'extérieur et permettent alors à l'air de circuler dans toute la termitière et de la ventiler. Quand il fait 40 °C à l'extérieur, la température au sein de la termitière ne dépasse pas 30 °C. L'air chaud est constamment évacuer vers l'extérieur tandis que l'air à l'intérieur de la construction garde une température acceptable.

Il n'y a pas que les termites qui souffrent de la chaleur et ont besoin ventilation, les humains aussi. Des architectes ont construit au Zimbwawe un immeuble inspiré des termitières qui ne possède pas d'air conditionné puisqu'il s'autoventile. Le Eastgate Center est pourvu d'une multitude d'ouvertures sur l'extérieur qui permet à l'air chaud de s'évacuer. Résultat, sans climatisation, la température ne dépasse jamais 27 °C.

© W. Bulach, Wikimedia Commons, CC by-sa 4.0
FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - Io in True Color

 2022 December 11

The featured image shows Jupiter's moon Io which is
bright yellow from sulfur and covered with volcanoes and 
volcanic floes.
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Io in True Color
Image Credit: NASAJPLGalileo Project

Explanation: The strangest moon in the Solar System is bright yellow. The featured picture, an attempt to show how Io would appear in the "true colors" perceptible to the average human eye, was taken in 1999 July by the Galileo spacecraft that orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003. Io's colors derive from sulfur and molten silicate rock. The unusual surface of Io is kept very young by its system of active volcanoes. The intense tidal gravity of Jupiter stretches Io and damps wobbles caused by Jupiter's other Galilean moons. The resulting friction greatly heats Io's interior, causing molten rock to explode through the surface. Io's volcanoes are so active that they are effectively turning the whole moon inside out. Some of Io's volcanic lava is so hot it glows in the dark.

10/12/2022

NUCLEAIRE - Visite angoissante au coeur du réacteur n° 5 de Tchernobyl


Le drone Elios 2 de Flyability s'est lancé dans l'inspection de l'un des endroits les plus inaccessibles et réputés pour sa dangerosité : le cœur de l'un des réacteurs de la centrale nucléaire de Tchernobyl, en Ukraine. il s'agissait de pénétrer dans ces installations pour vérifier si des déchets nucléaires s'y trouvent. L'équipe de démantèlement s'est notamment concentrée sur le cas du réacteur numéro 5 de l'installation.

l y a trente-quatre ans, ce réacteur était en construction et pratiquement achevé. En raison de la catastrophe et de la précipitation, il reste depuis impossible de savoir si, à l'époque, les bassins de stockage de combustible pour ce réacteur avaient déjà reçu leurs chargements en barre d’uranium.

Dans le cas du réacteur de Tchernobyl, pour les télépilotes de Flyability, la mission était stressante. Pour accéder à l'intérieur du réacteur, le mur à franchir faisait 70 mètres de hauteur. Une fois à l'intérieur, en cas de perte de liaison, il n'y avait aucun moyen de récupérer le drone. Dans tous les cas, l'accès aux bassins à l'intérieur était inenvisageable par des techniciens.

les images collectées ont montré que les piscines étaient vides et qu'il n'y avait aucun déchet nucléaire présent. Une mission que l'on peut visionner sur la vidéo ci-dessus. 

FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - America and the Sea of Serenity

 2022 December 10

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America and the Sea of Serenity
Gene CernanApollo 17NASA; Anaglyph by Patrick Vantuyne

Explanation: Get out your red/blue glasses and check out this stereo view of another world. Fifty years ago the scene was recorded by Apollo 17 mission commander Eugene Cernan on December 11, 1972, one orbit before descending to land on the Moon. The stereo anaglyph was assembled from two photographs (AS17-147-22465, AS17-147-22466) captured from his vantage point on board the Lunar Module Challenger as he and Dr. Harrison Schmitt flew over Apollo 17's landing site in the Taurus-Littrow Valley. The broad, sunlit face of the mountain dubbed South Massif rises near the center of the frame, above the dark floor of Taurus-Littrow to its left. Piloted by Ron Evans, the Command Module America is visible in orbit in the foreground against the South Massif's peak. Beyond the mountains, toward the lunar limb, lies the Moon's Mare Serenitatis.

09/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - Mars Rises above the Lunar Limb

 2022 December 9

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Mars Rises above the Lunar Limb
Image Credit & CopyrightTom Glenn

Explanation: On the night of December 7 Mars wandered near the Full Moon. In fact the Red Planet was occulted, passing behind the Moon, when viewed from locations across Europe and North America. About an hour after disappearing behind the lunar disk Mars reappears in this stack of sharp video frames captured from San Diego, planet Earth. With the Moon in the foreground Mars was a mere 82 million kilometers distant, near its own opposition. Full Moon and full Mars were bright enough provide the spectacular image with no exposure adjustments necessary. In the image Mars appears to rise just over ancient, dark-floored, lunar crater Abel very close to the southeastern edge of the Moon's near side. Humboldt is the large impact crater to its north (left).

08/12/2022

MUSIC - Evgeny Kissin - La campanella

"La campanella"

BIOMIMETISME - Des robots spatiaux équipés de patte de gecko

Comment font les geckos pour escalader des surfaces totalement lisses sans tomber ? Le dessous de leurs pattes est tapissé de milliers de replis eux-mêmes recouverts de petits poils. Ces lamelles adhésives ne sécrètent pas de mucus ou autres substances biologiques, leur capacité adhésive tient seulement dans l'apparition des forces de van der Waals entre les poils des pattes et la surface sur laquelle le gecko marche. Elles sont suffisamment fortes pour que le petit reptile puisse marcher au plafond.

Cette prouesse a inspiré les ingénieurs en aérospatial pour créer des systèmes d'adhérence sèche qui pourraient équiper des robots officiant dans le vide spatial où les ventouses sont inefficaces. Un matériau conçu à partir des pattes de gecko a été testé avec succès en 2017 par des chercheurs de l'université de Standford.

© Brian Gratwicke, Wikimedia Commons
CC by-sa 2.0 Générique
FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - Orion and the Ocean of Storms

 2022 December 8

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Orion and the Ocean of Storms
Image Credit: NASAArtemis 1

Explanation: A camera on board the uncrewed Orion spacecraft captured this view on December 5 as Orion approached its return powered flyby of the Moon. Below one of Orion's extended solar arrays lies dark, smooth, terrain along the western edge of the Oceanus Procellarum. Prominent on the lunar nearside Oceanus Procellarum, the Ocean of Storms, is the largest of the Moon's lava-flooded maria. The lunar terminator, shadow line between lunar night and day, runs along the left of the frame. The 41 kilometer diameter crater Marius is top center, with ray crater Kepler peeking in at the edge, just right of the solar array wing. Kepler's bright rays extend to the north and west, reaching the dark-floored MariusOf course the Orion spacecraft is now headed toward a December 11 splashdown in planet Earth's water-flooded Pacific Ocean.

ASTRONOMIE - Mars - 08-12-2022

Bien visible à l’œil nu, Mars est sans doute le monde planétaire qui excite le plus notre imaginaire. Observable tous les deux ans, elle est au plus près de nous le 8 décembre 2022 et s’observe facilement tout le long de l’automne 2022 et de l’hiver 2023.


Explorez la surface de la planète Mars grâce à cette visualisation 3D (clic gauche appuyé pour se déplacer sur la planète, roulette pour zoomer). 

Crédit : NASA Visualization Technology Applications and Development (VTAD)
Stelvision

06/12/2022

MICROPHOTOGRAPHIE - Marek Miś - Un mélange à base d'acide citrique un peu raide

Des escarpements rocheux tombant à pic. Peut-être le résultat de l'action de l'eau. Des falaises donc, présentées en fausses couleurs pour en faire ressortir les reliefs. C'est le travail que Marek Miś aime mener. Dévoiler dans l'infiniment petit, des motifs qui ressemblent aux paysages qui nous sont familiers. Ou presque.

Pour cette fois, il a choisi de mélanger acide citrique et hématoxyline. L'acide citrique, comme son nom le laisse entendre, c'est celui que l'on trouve abondamment dans le citron. Mais il se trouve aussi dans d'autres fruits et légumes. Il est notamment employé comme acidifiant ou dans un autre registre, pour réduire la rouille ! L'hématoxyline, de son côté, est un colorant couramment utilisé en histologie. Il teinte les noyaux des cellules en bleu violet. De quoi étudier les tissus biologiques.

Mais sur cette photo, pas de vivant. Comme d'habitude, Marek Miś a simplement laissé faire la nature morte, une lumière polarisée avec laquelle il éclaire la scène et un grossissement de 100 fois.

Cliché réalisé à l'aide d'un microscope Olympus BH-2 et d'un appareil Pentax K5. 

© Marek Miś, Tous droits réservés
FuturaSciences

AVIATION IMAGINEE - Les femmes pilotes d'avions : impensable à l'époque

Cette illustration américaine de 1900-1910 est tout à fait audacieuse. Elle représente une femme au volant. Pour rappel, le 19e amendement, qui permit aux femmes de voter aux États-Unis, ne fut passé qu'en 1920 !

© Harry Grant Dart pour All stroy magazine

ASTRONOMIE - Occultation de Mars (8 décembre 2022)

Le 8 décembre 2022 se produit une occultation de Mars par la Lune : un phénomène rare ! La planète rouge étant à l’opposition, c’est aussi l’occasion d’un alignement parfait et peu courant, entre le Soleil, la Terre, la Lune et Mars.

Combien de temps dure l’occultation de Mars par la Lune ?

Alors que le temps d’une nuit, le mouvement de la planète Mars est quasiment imperceptible sur le fond de ciel étoilé, celui de la Lune est beaucoup plus important. En effet, avec son orbite autour de la Terre qui dure 27 jours, cela signifie qu’en l’espace d’une heure, la Lune se décale d’environ un demi-degré sur le fond de ciel étoilé, soit à peu près un diamètre lunaire. Voilà pourquoi Mars est occulté pendant une heure environ le 8 décembre si sa trajectoire derrière la Lune est centrale. La durée est en revanche plus courte si cette trajectoire est très décalée par rapport au centre de notre satellite.

Stelvision

ASTRONOMY - M16: A Star Forming Pillar from Webb

 2022 December 6

The featured image shows a large golden-brown pillar 
of dust surrounded by a few smaller pillars. 
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

M16: A Star Forming Pillar from Webb
Image Credit: NASAESACSASTScIProcessing & Copyright: Mehmet Hakan Özsaraç

Explanation: What’s happening inside this interstellar mountain? Stars are forming. The mountain is actually a column of gas and dust in the picturesque Eagle Nebula (M16). A pillar like this is so low in density that you could easily fly though it -- it only appears solid because of its high dust content and great depth. The glowing areas are lit internally by newly formed stars. These areas shine in red and infrared light because blue light is scattered away by intervening interstellar dust. The featured image was captured recently in near-infrared light in unprecedented detail by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched late last year. Energetic light, abrasive winds, and final supernovas from these young stars will slowly destroy this stellar birth column over the next 100,000 years.

05/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - Pleiades: The Seven Sisters Star Cluster

 2022 December 5

The featured image shows many blue stars clustered 
together in blue-glowing gas and dust.
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Pleiades: The Seven Sisters Star Cluster
Image Credit & Copyright: Blake Estes (iTelescope Siding Spring Obs.) & Christian Sasse

Explanation: Have you ever seen the Pleiades star cluster? Even if you have, you probably have never seen it as large and clear as this. Perhaps the most famous star cluster on the sky, the bright stars of the Pleiades can be seen with the unaided eye even from the depths of a light-polluted city. With a long exposure from a dark location, though, the dust cloud surrounding the Pleiades star cluster becomes very evident. The featured 11-hour exposure, taken from the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia, covers a sky area several times the size of the full moon. Also known as the Seven Sisters and M45the Pleiades lies about 400 light years away toward the constellation of the Bull (Taurus). A common legend with a modern twist is that one of the brighter stars faded since the cluster was named, leaving only six of the sister stars visible to the unaided eye. The actual number of Pleiades stars visible, however, may be more or less than seven, depending on the darkness of the surrounding sky and the clarity of the observer's eyesight.

04/12/2022

MICROPHOTOGRAPHIE - Marek Miś - L'acide malique : le plein de goût

HOOC-CH2-CHOH-COOH. C'est la formule de l'acide malique. On en trouve dans beaucoup de végétaux. Dans les pommes, les poires et le raisin, notamment. C'est aussi lui qui donne une saveur si particulière à la rhubarbe. Et un goût acidulé au vin. Il est largement utilisé comme additif alimentaire. Nom de code E296. Car l'acide malique donne un goût agréable et ralentit le brunissement des aliments. Il présente également une fonction antibactérienne et antioxydante.

C'est lui que l'on retrouve sur cette microphotographie prise en lumière polarisée et avec un grossissement de 100 fois. Sous la forme de cristaux aux reflets dorés dont l'aspect rappelle vaguement celui de quelques haches préhistoriques. Comme un clin d'œil au fait que l'acide malique -- en mélange avec l'acide citrique -- est couramment employé pour acidifier les bonbons de nos enfants, pour leur donner du peps... ou pour détartrer les cafetières !

Cliché réalisé à l'aide d'un microscope Olympus BH-2 et d'un appareil Pentax K1.

© Marek Miś.
FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY -Video: Powers of Ten

 2022 December 4

Video: Powers of Ten
Video Credit & Copyright: Charles & Ray Eames (Eames Office)

Explanation: How different does the universe look on very small scales? On very large scales? The most famous short science film of its generation gives breathtaking comparisons. That film, Powers of Ten, originally created in the 1960s, has been officially posted to YouTube and embedded here. From a picnic blanket near Chicago out past the Virgo Cluster of Galaxies, every ten seconds the film zooms out to show a square a factor of ten times larger on each side. The 9-minute video then reverses, zooming back in a factor of ten every two seconds and ends up inside a single proton. The Powers of Ten sequence is actually based on the book Cosmic View by Kees Boeke in 1957, as is a similar but mostly animated film Cosmic Zoom that was also created in the late 1960s. The changing perspectives are so enthralling and educational that sections have been recreated using more modern computerized techniques, including the first few minutes of the movie ContactRay and husband Charles Eames, the film's creators, were known as quite visionary spirits and even invented their own popular chair.

03/12/2022

AVIATION IMAGINEE - Influencée par les frères Montgolfier

 

Cette carte, datant de 1890-1900, propose une vision de l’aviation future similaire à celle de 1800, un siècle plus tôt. L’influence des frères Montgolfier a encore frappé ! © Romanet & Cie, collection 476, 2e série

FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - Stereo Mars near Opposition

 2022 December 3

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Stereo Mars near Opposition
Image Credit & Copyright: Marco Lorenzi

Explanation: Mars looks sharp in these two rooftop telescope views captured in late November from Singapore, planet Earth. At the time, Mars was about 82 million kilometers from Singapore and approaching its opposition, opposite the Sun in planet Earth's sky on December 8. Olympus Mons, largest of the volcanoes in the Tharsis Montes region (and largest known volcano in the Solar System), is near Mars' western limb. In both the images it's the whitish donut-shape at the upper right. The dark area visible near center is the Terra Sirenum region while the long dark peninsula closest to the planet's eastern limb is Sinus Gomer. Near its tip is Gale crater, the Curiosity rover's landing site in 2012. Above Sinus Gomer, white spots are other volcanoes in the Elysium region. At top of the planet is the north polar cap covered with ice and clouds. Taken about two days apart, these images of the same martian hemisphere form a stereo pair. Look at the center of the frame and cross your eyes until the separate images come together to see the Red Planet in 3D.

02/12/2022

ASTRONOMY - Merging Galaxy Pair IIZw096

 2022 December 2

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Merging Galaxy Pair IIZw096
Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, L. Armus, A. Evans

Explanation: Bright at infrared wavelengths, this merging galaxy pair is some 500 million light-years away toward the constellation Delphinus. The cosmic mashup is seen against a background of even more distant galaxies, and occasional spiky foreground stars. But the galaxy merger itself spans about 100,000 light-years in this deep James Webb Space Telescope image. The image data is from Webb's Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam) and Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI). Their combined, sharp infrared view follows galactic scale restructuring in the dusty merger's wild jumble of intense star forming regions and distorted spiral arms

SANTé/MEDECINE - Virus et bactéries mortels - Le virus de la rage

Grâce aux travaux de Louis Pasteur , la rage a très nettement reculé dans le monde. On dénombre tout de même plus de 50.000 morts humains s...