Nasa : NGC 6357: Cathedral to Massive Stars - (Science & Technologie - Astyronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 30
NGC 6357: Cathedral to Massive Stars 
Image Credit: NASA, ESA and Jesús Maíz Apellániz (IAA, Spain); Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin (ESA/Hubble)

Explanation: How massive can a normal star be? Estimates made from distance, brightness and standard solar models had given one star in the open cluster Pismis 24 over 200 times the mass of our Sun, making it one of the most massive stars known. This star is the brightest object located just above the gas front in the featured image. Close inspection of images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, however, have shown that Pismis 24-1 derives its brilliant luminosity not from a single star but from three at least. Component starswould still remain near 100 solar masses, making them among the more massive stars currently on record. Toward the bottom of the image, stars are still forming in the associated emission nebula NGC 6357. Appearing perhaps like a Gothic cathedral, energetic stars near the center appear to be breaking out and illuminating a spectacular cocoon.

Nasa : Martian Chiaroscuro - (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 29
Martian Chiaroscuro 
Image Credit: HiRISE, MRO, LPL (U. Arizona), NASA

Explanation: Deep shadows create dramatic contrasts between light and dark in this high-resolution close-up of the martian surface. Recorded on January 24, 2014 by the HiRISE camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the scene spans about 1.5 kilometers. From 250 kilometers above the Red Planet the camera is looking down at a sand dune field in a southern highlands crater. Captured when the Sun was about 5 degrees above the local horizon, only the dune crests were caught in full sunlight. A long, cold winter was coming to the southern hemisphere and bright ridges of seasonal frost line the martian dunes. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, one of the oldest operating spacecraft at the Red Planet, celebrated the 15th anniversary of its launch from planet Earth on August 12.

Nasa : The Valley of Orion - (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 28
The Valley of Orion 
Visualization Credit: NASA, ESA, F. Summers, G. Bacon,

Z. Levay, J. DePasquale, L. Frattare, M. Robberto, M. Gennaro (STScI) and R. Hurt (Caltech/IPAC)

Explanation: This exciting and unfamiliar view of the Orion Nebula is a visualization based on astronomical data and movie rendering techniques. Up close and personal with a famous stellar nursery normally seen from 1,500 light-years away, the digitally modeled frame transitions from a visible light representation based on Hubble data on the left to infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope on the right. The perspective at the center looks along a valley over a light-year wide, in the wall of the region's giant molecular cloud. Orion's valley ends in a cavity carved by the energetic winds and radiation of the massive central stars of the Trapezium star cluster. The single frame is part of a multiwavelength, three-dimensional video that lets the viewer experience an immersive, three minute flight through the Great Nebula of Orion.

Nasa : Shell Galaxies in Pisces - (Science & Technologie - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 27
Shell Galaxies in Pisces 
Image Credit & Copyright: Martin Pugh

Explanation: This intergalactic skyscape features a peculiar system of galaxies cataloged as Arp 227 some 100 million light-years distant. Swimming within the boundaries of the constellation Pisces, Arp 227 consists of the two galaxies prominent right of center, the curious shell galaxy NGC 474 and its blue, spiral-armed neighbor NGC 470. The faint, wide arcs or shells of NGC 474 could have been formed by a gravitational encounter with neighbor NGC 470. Alternately the shells could be caused by a merger with a smaller galaxy producing an effect analogous to ripples across the surface of a pond. The large galaxy on the top lefthand side of the deep image, NGC 467, appears to be surrounded by faint shells too, evidence of another interacting galaxy system. Intriguing background galaxies are scattered around the field that also includes spiky foreground stars. Of course, those stars lie well within our own Milky Way Galaxy. The field of view spans 25 arc minutes or about 1/2 degree on the sky.

Courrier International : Notre ciel, deux soleils ? (Science & Technologie - Astronomie)

“Il y a des milliards d’années, il y avait peut-être deux soleils dans notre Système solaire, rapporte le New Scientist. Si tel est le cas, cela pourrait expliquer comment le système solaire a embarqué ses objets les plus extérieurs, y compris l’hypothétique planète 9.” L’hebdomadaire britannique résume ainsi les travaux d’Amir Siraj et Avi Loeb publiés dans The Astrophysical Journal Letters, le 18 août.

Ces chercheurs de l’université d’Harvard ont calculé que si, durant sa jeunesse, notre Soleil a fait partie d’un système binaire (à deux étoiles), une attraction gravitationnelle plus grande a été exercée sur une plus grande zone, augmentant d’un facteur 5 la probabilité que notre système solaire dispose d’un ensemble de corps célestes à ses confins, comme le nuage d’Oort – dont l’origine demeure un mystère – par rapport à un système à une seule étoile.

En outre, dans leur hypothèse à deux soleils, la probabilité que notre système capture une neuvième planète est augmentée d’un facteur 20 environ.

L’idée que notre système ait pu avoir deux étoiles n’est pas spécialement farfelue : dans l’univers, “plus de la moitié des étoiles qui ressemblent à notre Soleil ont un compagnon”, assure Avi Loeb. Et surtout, si elle permet d’expliquer à la fois la formation du nuage d’Oort et l’existence de l’hypothétique planète 9, elle a de quoi séduire la communauté scientifique.

Nasa : Visualization: A Black Hole Accretion Disk - (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 25
Visualization Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Jeremy Schnittman

Explanation: What would it look like to circle a black hole? If the black hole was surrounded by a swirling disk of glowing and accreting gas, then the great gravity of the black hole would deflect light emitted by the disk to make it look very unusual. The featured animated video gives a visualization. The video starts with you, the observer, looking toward the black hole from just above the plane of the accretion disk. Surrounding the central black hole is a thin circular image of the orbiting disk that marks the position of the photon sphere -- inside of which lies the black hole's event horizon. Toward the left, parts of the large main image of the disk appear brighter as they move toward you. As the video continues, you loop over the black hole, soon looking down from the top, then passing through the disk plane on the far side, then returning to your original vantage point. The accretion disk does some interesting image inversions -- but never appears flat. Visualizations such as this are particularly relevant today as black holes are being imaged in unprecedented detail by the Event Horizon Telescope.

Nasa : The Helix Nebula from Blanco and Hubble (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 23
The Helix Nebula from Blanco and Hubble 
Image Credit: C. R. O'Dell, (Vanderbilt) et al. ESA, NOAO, NASA

Explanation: How did a star create the Helix nebula? The shapes of planetary nebula like the Helix are important because they likely hold clues to how stars like the Sun end their lives. Observations by the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope and the 4-meter Blanco Telescopein Chile, however, have shown the Helix is not really a simple helix. Rather, it incorporates two nearly perpendicular disks as well as arcs, shocks, and even features not well understood. Even so, many strikingly geometric symmetries remain. How a single Sun-like star created such beautiful yet geometric complexity is a topic of research. The Helix Nebula is the nearest planetary nebula to Earth, lies only about 700 light years away toward the constellation of Aquarius, and spans about 3 light-years.

Jingyi Zhang : Perseids Around the Milky Way - (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 17
Perseids Around the Milky Way
Image Credit & Copyright: Jingyi Zhang

Explanation: Why would meteor trails appear curved? The arcing effect arises only because the image artificially compresses (nearly) the whole sky into a rectangle. The meteors are from the Perseid Meteor Shower that peaked last week. The featured multi-frame image combines not only different directions from the 360 projection, but different times when bright Perseid meteors momentarily streaked across the sky. All Perseid meteors can be traced back to the constellation Perseus toward the lower left, even the seemingly curved (but really straight) meteor trails. Although Perseids always point back to their Perseus radiant, they can appear almost anywhere on the sky. The image was taken from Inner Mongolia, China, where grasslands meet sand dunes. Many treasures also visible in the busy night sky including the central arch of our Milky Way Galaxy, the planets Saturn and Jupiter toward the right, colorful airglow on the central left, and some relatively nearby Earthly clouds. The Perseid Meteor Shower peaks every August.

ESA/Hubble & NASA : NGC 6814: Grand Design Spiral Galaxy from Hubble (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 16
NGC 6814: Grand Design Spiral Galaxy from Hubble
Image Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA; Acknowledgement: Judy Schmidt

Explanation: In the center of this serene stellar swirl is likely a harrowing black-hole beast. The surrounding swirl sweeps around billions of stars which are highlighted by the brightest and bluest. The breadth and beauty of the display give the swirl the designation of a grand design spiral galaxy. The central beast shows evidence that it is a supermassive black hole about 10 million times the mass of our Sun. This ferocious creature devours stars and gas and is surrounded by a spinning moat of hot plasma that emits blasts of X-rays. The central violent activity gives it the designation of a Seyfert galaxy. Together, this beauty and beast are cataloged as NGC 6814 and have been appearing together toward the constellation of the Eagle (Aquila) for roughly the past billion years.

Science & Avenir : "Le cratère de Serra da Cangalha, au Brésil" - (Science & Tecnologie - La Terre vue de l'Espace)

Serra da Cangalha est considéré comme l'impact de cratère le mieux préservé du Brésil. Selon les estimations des géologues, une météorite a frappé la Terre à cet endroit il y a 220 millions d'années. Sur cette image réalisée par le satellite Terra, on distingue nettement les cercles concentriques qui révèlent la structure du cratère d'environ 13 kilomètres de diamètre. La partie centrale culmine à 420 mètres d'altitude. Les nuances de vert détaillent le paysage typique de la région qui mêle savane et forêt ripisylve.