AERONAUTIQUE - Histoire de l'aviation - (2)

Le début du 21ème siècle : le transport aérien c'est tellement développé que certaines zones sont saturées. Sur le plan militaire, l'avion n'est qu'un des composants des systèmes de l'armée et le rôle des pilotes se réduit au profit des systèmes automatiques. 1. Les premiers planeurs. Le premier homme à avoir plané en dirigeant son avion s'appelle Otto Lilienthal, il a effectué plus de 2000 vols avec sa machine en sautant d'une colline. Les premiers vols fait à partir d'un avion muni d'un gouvernail qui permettait de contrôler la trajectoire de celui-ci ont été réalisés par les frères Wright. 

Voici une photo du planeur d' Otto Lilienthal. 2. Premiers décollages grâce à un moteur. Le première homme ayant prétendu avoir volé à l'aide d'un avion à moteur est le français Clément Ader. Mais ce vol a été contesté à cause de l'absence de preuve. La première tentative publique avec des civils mais aussi des militaires a eu lieu en 1890 avec un avion surnommé l'avion III. Cet avion aurait quitter le sol à plusieurs reprises. Deux jours plus tard Clément Ader lance sa machine devant deux officiers du ministère de la guerre qui déclarèrent «Il fut cependant facile de constater, d' après le sillage des roues, que l' appareil fut fréquemment soulevé. Mais à la fin du vol l'avion III se cracha à cause de problèmes de roues. Suite à cet échec le ministère de la guerre coupa le crédit de Ader. On peut en conclure que le 14 octobre 1897 le français Clément Ader a plus ou moins effectué le premier décollage motorisé.

ASTRONOMY - Remembering NEOWISE

 2021 July 31

Remembering NEOWISE
Image Credit & Copyright: Petr Horalek / Institute of Physics in Opava

Explanation: It was just last July. If you could see the stars of the Big Dipper, you could find Comet NEOWISE in your evening sky. After sunset denizens of the north could look for the naked-eye comet below the bowl of that famous celestial kitchen utensil and above the northwestern horizon. The comet looked like a fuzzy 'star' with a tail, though probably not so long a tail as in this memorable skyview recorded from the Czech Republic on July 23th, 2020, near the comet's closest approach to planet Earth. Photographs of C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) often did show the comet's broad dust tail and fainter but separate bluish ion tail extending farther than the eye could follow. Skygazers around the world were delighted to witness Comet NEOWISE, surprise visitor from the outer Solar System.

ASTRONOMY - Mimas in Saturnlight

 2021 July 30

Mimas in Saturnlight
Image Credit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA

Explanation: Peering from the shadows, the Saturn-facing hemisphere of Mimas lies in near darkness alongside a dramatic sunlit crescent. The mosaic was captured near the Cassini spacecraft's final close approach on January 30, 2017. Cassini's camera was pointed in a nearly sunward direction only 45,000 kilometers from Mimas. The result is one of the highest resolution views of the icy, crater-pocked, 400 kilometer diameter moon. An enhanced version better reveals the Saturn-facing hemisphere of the synchronously rotating moon lit by sunlight reflected from Saturn itself. To see it, slide your cursor over the image (or follow this link). Other Cassini images of Mimas include the small moon's large and ominous Herschel Crater.

ASTRONOMY - The Tulip and Cygnus X-1

 2021 July 29

The Tulip and Cygnus X-1
Image Credit & Copyright: Carlos Uriarte

Explanation: This tall telescopic field of view looks out along the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy toward the nebula rich constellation Cygnus the Swan. Popularly called the Tulip Nebula, the brightest glowing cloud of interstellar gas and dust above center is also found in the 1959 catalog by astronomer Stewart Sharpless as Sh2-101. Nearly 70 light-years across the complex and beautiful Tulip Nebula blossoms about 8,000 light-years away, shown in a Hubble palette image that maps the glow of the nebula's sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen ions into red, green, and blue colors. Ultraviolet radiation from young energetic stars at the edge of the Cygnus OB3 association, including O star HDE 227018, ionizes the atoms and powers the emission from the Tulip Nebula. Also in the field of view is microquasar Cygnus X-1, one of the strongest X-ray sources in planet Earth's sky. Driven by powerful jets from a black hole accretion disk, its fainter bluish curved shock front is only just visible though, directly above the cosmic Tulip's petals near the top of the frame.

ASTRONOMY - Ring Galaxy AM 0644-741

 2021 July 28

Ring Galaxy AM 0644-741
Image Credit: NASA, ESA, Hubble, HLA; Processing: Jonathan Lodge

Explanation: The rim of the large blue galaxy at the right is an immense ring-like structure 150,000 light years in diameter composed of newly formed, extremely bright, massive stars. AM 0644-741 is known as a ring galaxy and was caused by an immense galaxy collision. When galaxies collide, they pass through each other and their individual stars rarely come into contact. The large galaxy's ring-like shape is the result of the gravitational disruption caused by a small intruder galaxy passing through it. When this happens, interstellar gas and dust become compressed, causing a wave of star formation to move out from the impact point like a ripple across the surface of a pond. Other galaxies in the field of view are background galaxies, not interacting with AM 0644-741. Foreground spiky stars are within our own Milky Way. But the smaller intruder galaxy is caught above and right, near the top of the frame taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Ring galaxy AM 0644-741 lies about 300 million light years away toward the southern constellation Volans.

ASTRONOMY - Crescent Neptune and Triton

 2021 July 25

Crescent Neptune and Triton
Image Credit: NASA, Voyager 2

Explanation: Gliding silently through the outer Solar System, the Voyager 2 spacecraft camera captured Neptune and Triton together in crescent phase. The elegant picture of the gas giant planet and its cloudy moon was taken from behind just after closest approach in 1989. It could not have been taken from Earth because Neptune never shows a crescent phase to sunward Earth. The unusual vantage point also robs Neptune of its familiar blue hue, as sunlight seen from here is scattered forward, and so is reddened like the setting Sun. Neptune is smaller but more massive than Uranus, has several dark rings, and emits more light than it receives from the Sun.

PRATIQUE/POURQUOI - Pourquoi l'eau de pluie n'est-elle pas salée ?

L'eau de pluie provient de l'évaporation de l'eau de mer. Seule l'eau s'évapore, le sel, qui est plus lourd, reste dans la mer.

ASTRONOMY - The Edge of Space

 2021 July 24

The Edge of Space
Image Credit & Copyright: Ralf Rohner

Explanation: Where does space begin? For purposes of spaceflight some would say at the Karman line, currently defined as an altitude of 100 kilometers (60 miles). Others might place a line 80 kilometers (50 miles) above Earth's mean sea level. But there is no sharp physical boundary that marks the end of atmosphere and the beginning of space. In fact, the Karman line itself is near the transition between the upper mesophere and lower thermosphere. Night shining or noctilucent clouds are high-latitude summer apparitions formed at altitudes near the top of the mesophere, up to 80 kilometers or so, also known as polar mesopheric clouds. Auroral bands of the northern (and southern) lights caused by energetic particles exciting atoms in the thermosphere can extend above 80 kilometers to over 600 kilometers altitude. Taken from a cockpit while flying at an altitude of 10 kilometers (33,000 feet) in the realm of stratospheric aeronautics, this snapshot captures both noctilucent clouds and aurora borealis under a starry sky, looking toward planet Earth's horizon and the edge of space.

ASTRONOMY - Elephant, Bat, and Squid

 2021 July 23

Elephant, Bat, and Squid
Image Credit & Copyright: Patrick Hsieh

Explanation: Sprawling emission nebulae IC 1396 and Sh2-129 mix glowing interstellar gas and dark dust clouds in this 10 degree wide field of view toward the northern constellation Cepheus the King. Energized by its bluish central star IC 1396 (left) is hundreds of light-years across and some 3,000 light-years distant. The nebula's intriguing dark shapes include a winding dark cloud popularly known as the Elephant's Trunk below and right of center. Tens of light-years long, it holds the raw raw material for star formation and is known to hide protostars within. Located a similar distance from planet Earth, the bright knots and swept back ridges of emission of Sh2-129 on the right suggest its popular name, the Flying Bat Nebula. Within the Flying Bat, the most recently recognized addition to this royal cosmic zoo is the faint bluish emission from Ou4, the Giant Squid nebula.

ASTRONOMY - NGC 7814: Little Sombrero with Supernova

 2021 July 22

NGC 7814: Little Sombrero with Supernova
Image Credit & Copyright: CHART32 Team,

Explanation: Point your telescope toward the high flying constellation Pegasus and you can find this expanse of Milky Way stars and distant galaxies. NGC 7814 is centered in the pretty field of view that would almost be covered by a full moon. NGC 7814 is sometimes called the Little Sombrero for its resemblance to the brighter more famous M104, the Sombrero Galaxy. Both Sombrero and Little Sombrero are spiral galaxies seen edge-on, and both have extensive halos and central bulges cut by a thin disk with thinner dust lanes in silhouette. In fact, NGC 7814 is some 40 million light-years away and an estimated 60,000 light-years across. That actually makes the Little Sombrero about the same physical size as its better known namesake, appearing smaller and fainter only because it is farther away. In this telescopic view from July 17, NGC 7814 is hosting a newly discovered supernova, dominant immediately to the left of the galaxy's core. Cataloged as SN 2021rhu, the stellar explosion has been identified as a Type Ia supernova, useful toward calibrating the distance scale of the universe.

ASTRONOMY - Framed by Trees: A Window to the Galaxy

 2021 July 19

Framed by Trees: A Window to the Galaxy
Image Credit & Copyright: Will Godward

Explanation: The photographer had this shot in mind for some time. He knew that objects overhead are the brightest -- since their light is scattered the least by atmospheric air. He also that knew the core of our Milky Way Galaxy was just about straight up near midnight around this time of year in South Australia. Chasing his mental picture, he ventured deep inside the Kuipto Forest where tall radiata pines blocked out much of the sky -- but not in this clearing. There, through a window framed by trees, he captured his envisioned combination of local and distant nature. Sixteen exposures of both trees and the Milky Way Galaxy were recorded. Antares is the bright orange star to left of our Galaxy's central plane, while Alpha Centauri is the bright star just to the right of the image center. The direction toward our Galaxy's center is below Antares. Although in a few hours the Earth's rotation moved the Galactic plane up and to the left -- soon invisible behind the timber, his mental image was secured forever -- and is featured here.

ASTRONOMY - Alphonsus and Arzachel

2021 July 17

Alphonsus and Arzachel
Image Credit & Copyright: Noel Donnard

Explanation: Point your telescope at tonight's first quarter Moon. Along the terminator, the shadow line between night and day, you might find these two large craters staring back at you with an owlish gaze. Alphonsus (left) and Arzachel are ancient impact craters on the north eastern shores of Mare Nubium, the lunar Sea of Clouds. The larger Alphonsus is over 100 kilometers in diameter. A low sun angle highlights the crater's sharp 1.5 kilometer high central peak in bright sunlight and dark shadow. Scouting for potential Apollo moon landing sites, the Ranger 9 spacecraft returned closeup photographs of Alphonsus before it crashed in the crater just northeast (left) of its central mountain in 1965. Alpetragius, between Alphonsus and Arzachel, is the small crater with the deeply shadowed floor and overly large central peak. 

ASTRONOMY - Love and War by Moonlight

 2021 July 16

Love and War by Moonlight
Image Credit & Copyright: Shi Huan

Explanation: Venus, named for the Roman goddess of love, and Mars, the war god's namesake, come together by moonlight in this serene skyview, recorded on July 11 from Lualaba province, Democratic Republic of Congo, planet Earth. Taken in the western twilight sky shortly after sunset the exposure also records earthshine illuminating the otherwise dark surface of the young crescent Moon. Of course the Moon has moved on. Venus still shines in the west though as the evening star, third brightest object in Earth's sky, after the Sun and the Moon itself. Seen here above a brilliant Venus, Mars moved even closer to the brighter planet and by July 13 could be seen only about a Moon's width away. Mars has since slowly wandered away from much brighter Venus in the twilight, but both are sliding toward bright star Regulus. Alpha star of the constellation Leo, Regulus lies off the top of this frame and anticipates a visit from Venus and then Mars in twilight skies of the coming days.

SANTé/MéDECINE - Le cancer

De plus en plus de personnes atteintes d’un cancer sont toujours en vie cinq ans après le diagnostic de la maladie. Certaines tumeurs restent de mauvais pronostic, rapporte une nouvelle étude de l’Institut national du cancer et de Santé publique France.

C’est plutôt une bonne nouvelle : de plus en plus de personnes atteintes d’un cancer sont toujours en vie cinq ans après le diagnostic de la maladie. C’est ce qui ressort de la quatrième étude publiée mardi 6 juillet par l’Institut national du cancer (INCA), Santé publique France (SPF), le réseau français des registres des cancers (Francim), et le service biostatistique des Hospices civils de Lyon. Rappelons que le nombre de nouveaux cas de cancers en France est estimé à près de 382 000 en 2018, dont 54 % chez l’homme. Avec 157 400 décès, dont 57 % chez l’homme, le cancer représente en France la première cause de décès chez l’homme et la deuxième chez la femme.

Cette étude a suivi 730 000 personnes ayant eu un diagnostic de cancer entre 1989 et 2015 en métropole, âgées de 15 ans ou plus au moment du diagnostic. Elle porte sur 50 localisations de tumeurs solides et 23 hémopathies malignes.

Globalement, la survie a tendance à s’améliorer, ce qui reflète « les progrès réalisés dans le système de soins à la fois dans la détection des cancers, mais aussi dans leur prise en charge thérapeutique », indique l’étude. Mais il existe néanmoins de très fortes disparités selon les localisations et l’âge au diagnostic. Ainsi, la survie à cinq ans varie en effet de 96 % pour les cancers de la thyroïde à 7 % pour certaines tumeurs du poumon. Certaines tumeurs laissent donc toujours peu d’espoir (mésothéliome pleural, pancréas, foie, poumon, système nerveux central, estomac, notamment) avec des taux de survie inférieurs à 33 % ; cela signifie qu’il existe seulement une chance sur trois d’être encore en vie cinq ans après le diagnostic. Ces tumeurs de pronostic défavorable représentent 32 % des cas de cancer chez l’homme et 19 % chez la femme. L’accent doit donc être mis sur l’amélioration des thérapeutiques pour ces localisations, précisent l’INCA et SPF.

Tabac ou alcool = mauvais pronostic

Malgré une amélioration, le cancer du poumon, le troisième le plus fréquent avec 46 300 nouveaux cas en 2018, reste de très mauvais pronostic et le plus meurtrier en France, avec 33 100 décès en 2018, dont 69 % d’hommes. La plupart des cancers de mauvais pronostic (poumon, œsophage, foie) sont associés au tabac ou à l’alcool, souligne cette étude.

L’amélioration des taux de survie et des traitements des cancers de mauvais pronostic ainsi que le renforcement de la prévention constituent des axes forts de la stratégie décennale (2021-2030) de lutte contre les cancers, annoncée en février 2021. « Le tabac et l’alcool sont respectivement responsables de 45 000 et 16 000 décès par cancer chaque année, rappelle Lionel Lafay, responsable du département observation et documentation de l’INCA, ainsi, si les mesures de prévention vis-à-vis des consommations alcoolo-tabagiques étaient mises en place, 60 000 cancers pourraient être évités d’ici à 2040. »........

Le Monde - France

ASTRONOMY - GW200115: Simulation of a Black Hole Merging with a Neutron Star

 2021 July 14

GW200115: Simulation of a Black Hole Merging with a Neutron Star
Video Credit: Simulation: S.V. Chaurasia (Stockholm U.), T. Dietrich (Potsdam U. & MPIGP);
Visualization: T. Dietrich (Potsdam U. & MPIGP), N. Fischer, S. Ossokine, H. Pfeiffer (MPIGP)

Explanation: What happens when a black hole destroys a neutron star? Analyses indicate that just such an event created gravitational wave event GW200115, detected in 2020 January by LIGO and Virgo observatories. To better understand the unusual event, the featured visualization was created from a computer simulation. The visualization video starts with the black hole (about 6 times the Sun's mass) and neutron star (about 1.5 times the Sun's mass) circling each other, together emitting an increasing amount of gravitational radiation. The picturesque pattern of gravitational wave emission is shown in blue. The duo spiral together increasingly fast until the neutron star becomes completely absorbed by the black hole. Since the neutron star did not break apart during the collision, little light escaped -- which matches the lack of an observed optical counterpart. The remaining black hole rings briefly, and as that dies down so do the emitted gravitational waves. The 30-second time-lapse video may seem short, but it actually lasts about 1000 times longer than the real merger event.

Astrophysicists: Browse 2,500+ codes in the Astrophysics Source Code Library

ASTRONOMY - Saturn's Iapetus: Painted Moon in 3D

 2021 July 13

Saturn's Iapetus: Painted Moon in 3D
Image Credit: NASA, ESA, JPL, SSI, Cassini Imaging Team; 3D Rendering: NASA's VTAD

Explanation: What has happened to Saturn's moon Iapetus? Vast sections of this strange world are dark brown, while others are as bright white. The composition of the dark material is unknown, but infrared spectra indicate that it possibly contains some dark form of carbon. Iapetus also has an unusual equatorial ridge that makes it appear like a walnut. To help better understand this seemingly painted moon, NASA directed the robotic Cassini spacecraft orbiting Saturn to swoop within 2,000 kilometers in 2007. Iapetus is pictured here in 3D. A huge impact crater seen in the south spans a tremendous 450 kilometers and appears superposed on an older crater of similar size. The dark material is seen increasingly coating the easternmost part of Iapetus, darkening craters and highlands alike. Close inspection indicates that the dark coating typically faces the moon's equator and is less than a meter thick. A leading hypothesis is that the dark material is mostly dirt leftover when relatively warm but dirty ice sublimates. An initial coating of dark material may have been effectively painted on by the accretion of meteor-liberated debris from other moons.

ASTRONOMY - Mercury and the Da Vinci Glow

 2021 July 10

Mercury and the Da Vinci Glow
Image Credit & Copyright: Gabriel Funes

Explanation: On July 8th early morning risers saw Mercury near an old Moon low on the eastern horizon. On that date bright planet, faint glow of lunar night side, and sunlit crescent were captured in this predawn skyscape from Tenerife's Teide National Park in the Canary Islands. Never far from the Sun in planet Earth's sky, the fleeting inner planet shines near its brightest in the morning twilight scene. Mercury lies just below the zeta star of the constellation Taurus, Zeta Tauri, near the tip of the celestial bull's horn. Of course the Moon's ashen glow is earthshine, earthlight reflected from the Moon's night side. A description of earthshine, in terms of sunlight reflected by Earth's oceans illuminating the Moon's dark surface, was written over 500 years ago by Leonardo da Vinci. Waiting for the coming dawn in the foreground are the Teide Observatory's sentinels of the Sun, also known as (large domes left to right) the THEMIS, VTT, and GREGOR solar telescopes.

AERONAUTIQUE - Histoire de l'aviation - (1) - Les précurseurs

L'époque des précurseurs : c'est la période pendant laquelle les Hommes imaginent ce que pourrait être une machine volante. - les pionnier du plus lourd que l'air : c' est la période des premiers vols d'engins à moteur capables de décoller par leurs propres moyens. Les aviateurs sont, le plus souvent, les concepteurs et les pilotes de ces premiers avions.

la première guerre mondiale: quelques années seulement après le premier vol, cette période voit l'apparition des avions de guerre sur le champ de bataille. Les pilotes deviennent des professionnels.

L'entre guerres : la fin de la première guerre mondiale met sur le marché un surplus d' avions et de pilotes qui permettent de lancer le transport aérien et en premier lieu, celui du courrier.

La seconde guerre mondiale : les avions sont très utilisés sur le champ de bataille. Les besoins de l'armée poussent les constructeurs à battre de nouveaux records. On peut considérer cette période comme la période de la fin des moteurs à une hélice car à la fin de la guerre les moteurs à hélice sont remplacés par des réacteurs.

La seconde moitié du 20ème siècle : une fois encore la fin de la guerre met sur le marché un surplus de pilotes et d'avions. C'est le début du transport aérien commercial capable de s'affranchir des conditions météorologiques et de pratiquer le vol sans visibilité. Pour satisfaire les besoins de l'aéronautique militaire, le réacteur se développe et remplace le moteur à hélice. Les progrès de l'aviation permettent le développement des premiers avions de ligne. A cette époque prendre l'avion est un luxe.

Kalvin

ASTRONOMY - M82: Starburst Galaxy with a Superwind

 2021 July 9

M82: Starburst Galaxy with a Superwind
Image Credit & Copyright: Team ARO, Alentejo Remote Observatory

Explanation: M82 is a starburst galaxy with a superwind. In fact, through ensuing supernova explosions and powerful winds from massive stars, the burst of star formation in M82 is driving a prodigious outflow. Evidence for the superwind from the galaxy's central regions is clear in sharp telescopic snapshot. The composite image highlights emission from long outflow filaments of atomic hydrogen gas in reddish hues. Some of the gas in the superwind, enriched in heavy elements forged in the massive stars, will eventually escape into intergalactic space. Triggered by a close encounter with nearby large galaxy M81, the furious burst of star formation in M82 should last about 100 million years or so. Also known as the Cigar Galaxy for its elongated visual appearance, M82 is about 30,000 light-years across. It lies 12 million light-years away near the northern boundary of Ursa Major.

ASTRONOMY - Perihelion to Aphelion

 2021 July 8

Perihelion to Aphelion
Image Credit & Copyright: Richard Jaworski

Explanation: Aphelion for 2021 occurred on July 5th. That's the point in Earth's elliptical orbit when it is farthest from the Sun. Of course, the distance from the Sun doesn't determine the seasons. Those are governed by the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation, so July is still summer in the north and winter in the southern hemisphere. But it does mean that on July 5 the Sun was at its smallest apparent size when viewed from planet Earth. This composite neatly compares two pictures of the Sun, both taken with the same telescope and camera. The left half was captured close to the date of the 2021 perihelion (January 2), the closest point in Earth's orbit. The right was recorded just before the aphelion in 2021. Otherwise difficult to notice, the change in the Sun's apparent diameter between perihelion and aphelion amounts to a little over 3 percent.

ASTRONOMY - Saturn and Six Moons

 2021 July 6

Saturn and Six Moons
Image Credit & Copyright: Mohammad Ranjbaran; MR Thanks: Amir Ehteshami

Explanation: How many moons does Saturn have? So far 82 have been confirmed, the smallest being only a fraction of a kilometer across. Six of its largest satellites can be seen here in a composite image with 13 short exposure of the bright planet, and 13 long exposures of the brightest of its faint moons, taken over two weeks last month. Larger than Earth's Moon and even slightly larger than Mercury,Saturn's largest moon Titan has a diameter of 5,150 kilometers and was captured making nearly a complete orbit around its ringed parent planet. Saturn's first known natural satellite, Titan was discovered in 1655 by Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens, in contrast with several newly discovered moons announced in 2019. The trail on the far right belongs to Iapetus, Saturn's third largest moon. The radius of painted Iapetus' orbit is so large that only a portion of it was captured here. Saturn leads Jupiter across the night sky this month, rising soon after sunset toward the southeast, and remaining visible until dawn.

ASTRONOMY - Simulation: Formation of the First Stars

 2021 June 30

Simulation: Formation of the First Stars
Video Credit: Harley Katz (U. Oxford) et al.

Explanation: How did the first stars form? To help find out, the SPHINX computer simulation of star formation in the very early universe was created, some results of which are shown in the featured video. Time since the Big Bang is shown in millions of years on the upper left. Even 100 million years after the Big Bang, matter was spread too uniformly across the cosmos for stars to be born. Besides background radiation, the universe was dark. Soon, slight matter clumps rich in hydrogen gas begin to coalesce into the first stars. In the time-lapse video, purple denotes gas, white denotes light, and gold shows radiation so energetic that it ionizes hydrogen, breaking it up into charged electrons and protons. The gold-colored regions also track the most massive stars that die with powerful supernovas. The inset circle highlights a central region that is becoming a galaxy. The simulation continues until the universe was about 550 million years old. To assess the accuracy of the SPHINX simulations and the assumptions that went into them, the results are not only being compared to current deep observations, but will also be compared with more direct observations of the early universe planned with NASA's pending James Webb Space Telescope.

INSECTES - Le moustique-tigre

Les premières chaleurs de l’été sont synonymes du retour d’un insecte plutôt désagréable : le moustique. Parmi les 3.000 espèces existantes, le moustique-tigre, ou Aedes albopictus, est l’une des plus redoutées.

En effet, le moustique-tigre est originaire d’Asie du Sud-Est mais il s'est adapté rapidement à des climats et des régions différents. Il est désormais présent sur tous les continents sauf l’Antarctique. En France, il s’est implanté durablement dans les trois quarts des départements métropolitains.

Futura Sciences

ASTRONOMY - The Face on Mars

 2021 July 4

The Face on Mars
Image Credit: NASA, Viking 1 Orbiter

Explanation: Wouldn't it be fun if clouds were castles? Wouldn't it be fun if the laundry on the bedroom chair was a superhero? Wouldn't it be fun if rock mesas on Mars were interplanetary monuments to the human face? Clouds, though, are floating droplets of water and ice. Laundry is cotton, wool, or plastic, woven into garments. Famous Martian rock mesas known by names like the Face on Mars appear quite natural when seen more clearly on better images. Is reality boring? Nobody knows why some clouds make rain. Nobody knows if life ever developed on Mars. Nobody knows why the laundry on the bedroom chair smells like root beer. Scientific exploration can not only resolve mysteries, but uncover new knowledge, greater mysteries, and yet deeper questions. As humanity explores our universe, perhaps fun -- through discovery -- is just beginning.

SANTé/MéDECINE - L'alcool et le foie

Les discours anti-alcool, ça fait plusieurs années que les professionnels de la santé ne cessent d’en faire. Pourtant, le nombre de buveurs continue de grimper et ils sont de plus en plus jeunes. Si l’alcool en soi ne pose pas problème, c’est son excès qui est vivement pointé du doigt en raison de son impact sur la santé notamment le foie, et vous allez vite comprendre pourquoi.

Les toxines d’alcool annihilent le filtre hépatique

Le foie est, avec les reins, l’un des organes qui s’assurent d’assainir notre organisme. L’un de ses rôles est de débarrasser notre organisme des toxines en filtrant le sang et cette fonction de filtre, c’est à cellules que le foie le doit.

Or, la capacité du foie à filtrer les toxines d’alcool est limitée. Plus vous buvez, plus vous acculez votre foie. Ce qui dégrade la capacité à filtrer de ce dernier, conduisant à une inflammation, puis à la mort des cellules hépatiques.

Conséquences de la dégradation du filtre hépatique

Malheureusement, la dégradation des cellules du foie n’est que le début d’un long processus de dégradation. À termes, les buveurs chroniquent et les alcooliques encore plusieurs conséquences graves à savoir :

• La fibrose qui est une accumulation de tissu cicatriciel dans le foie
• La cirrhose qui se manifeste par un dysfonctionnement total des fonctions hépatiques.

Il en résulte l’envahissement de votre organisme par les toxiques que le foie n’arrive plus à éliminer.

ASTRONOMY - Along the Milky Way

 2021 July 3

Along the Milky Way
Image Credit & Copyright: Rolf Weisenfeld

Explanation: You can't walk along the Milky Way. Still, under a dark sky you can explore it. To the eye the pale luminous trail of light arcing through the sky on a dark, moonless night does appear to be a path through the heavens. The glowing celestial band is the faint, collective light of distant stars cut by swaths of obscuring interstellar dust clouds. It lies along the plane of our home galaxy, so named because it looks like a milky way. Since Galileo's time, the Milky Way has been revealed to telescopic skygazers to be filled with congeries of innumerable stars and cosmic wonders.

ASTRONOMY - AR2835: Islands in the Photosphere

 2021 July 2

AR2835: Islands in the Photosphere
Image Credit & Copyright: Michael Teoh, Heng Ee Observatory, Penang, Malaysia

Explanation: Awash in a sea of incandescent plasma and anchored in strong magnetic fields, sunspots are planet-sized dark islands in the solar photosphere, the bright surface of the Sun. Found in solar active regions, sunspots look dark only because they are slightly cooler though, with temperatures of about 4,000 kelvins compared to 6,000 kelvins for the surrounding solar surface. These sunspots lie in active region AR2835. The largest active region now crossing the Sun, AR2835 is captured in this sharp telescopic close-up from July 1 in a field of view that spans about 150,000 kilometers or over ten Earth diameters. With powerful magnetic fields, solar active regions are often responsible for solar flares and coronal mass ejections, storms which affect space weather near planet Earth.

ASTRONOMY - Perseverance Selfie with Ingenuity

 2021 July 1

Perseverance Selfie with Ingenuity
Image Credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech, MSSS

Explanation: On sol 46 (April 6, 2021) the Perseverance rover held out a robotic arm to take its first selfie on Mars. The WATSON camera at the end of the arm was designed to take close-ups of martian rocks and surface details though, and not a quick snap shot of friends and smiling faces. In the end, teamwork and weeks of planning on Mars time was required to program a complex series of exposures and camera motions to include Perseverance and its surroundings. The resulting 62 frames were composed into a detailed mosiac, one of the most complicated Mars rover selfies ever taken. In this version of the selfie, the rover's Mastcam-Z and SuperCam instruments are looking toward WATSON and the end of the rover's outstretched arm. About 4 meters (13 feet) from Perseverance is a robotic companion, the Mars Ingenuity helicopter.

PRATIQUE - Enfin une Astuce Pour Que la Grille du Barbecue ne colle plus

Vous en avez assez que de la nourriture reste collée sur la grille du barbecue ? Que ça soit du poisson, comme les sardines, ou de la viande, ça s'accroche toujours sur la grille. Résultat, il faut frotter bien fort pour nettoyer la grille, sinon elle s'encrasse rapidement. Heureusement, il existe un truc incroyable pour que les aliments ne restent plus accrochés sur le bbq. L'astuce est de frotter un oignon sur la grille avant de faire cuire les aliments.