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02/04/2024

SANTé/MEDECINE - HISTOIRE - 1847 : l'hygiène en médecine avec Semmelweis


Ignace Philippe Semmelweis, un médecin obstétricien austro-hongrois, découvrit que le lavage des mains diminuait le nombre des décès suite aux fièvres puerpérales des femmes après l'accouchement.

FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - Detailed View of a Solar Eclipse Corona

 2024 April 2

The Sun is shown during a total solar eclipse. Accentuated
is the expansive corona of the Sun, which is shown streaming
out in all directions. 
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Detailed View of a Solar Eclipse Corona
Image Credit & Copyright: Phil Hart

Explanation: Only in the fleeting darkness of a total solar eclipse is the light of the solar corona easily visible. Normally overwhelmed by the bright solar disk, the expansive corona, the sun's outer atmosphere, is an alluring sight. But the subtle details and extreme ranges in the corona's brightness, although discernible to the eye, are notoriously difficult to photograph. Pictured here, however, using multiple images and digital processing, is a detailed image of the Sun's corona taken during the April 20, 2023 total solar eclipse from Exmouth, Australia. Clearly visible are intricate layers and glowing caustics of an ever changing mixture of hot gas and magnetic fields. Bright looping prominences appear pink just around the Sun's limb. A similar solar corona might be visible through clear skies in a narrow swath across the North America during the total solar eclipse that occurs just six days from today

01/04/2024

ASTRONOMY - Swirling Magnetic Field around Our Galaxy's Central Black Hole

 2024 April 1

A donut-shaped orange figure is seen with lines
extending along the emission in a swirling pattern.
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Swirling Magnetic Field around Our Galaxy's Central Black Hole
Image Credit: EHT Collaboration

Explanation: What's happening to the big black hole in the center of our galaxy? It is sucking in matter from a swirling disk -- a disk that is magnetized, it has now been confirmed. Specifically, the black hole's accretion disk has recently been seen to emit polarized light, radiation frequently associated with a magnetized sourcePictured here is a close-up of Sgr A*, our Galaxy's central black hole, taken by radio telescopes around the world participating in the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration. Superposed are illustrative curved lines indicating polarized light likely emitted from swirling magnetized gas that will soon fall into the 4+ million mass central black hole. The central part of this image is likely dark because little light-emitting gas is visible between us and the dark event horizon of the black hole. Continued EHT monitoring of this and M87's central black hole may yield new clues about the gravity of black holes and how infalling matter creates disks and jets.

31/03/2024

ASTRONOMY - Total Solar Eclipse Below the Bottom of the World

 2024 March 31

A totally eclipsed Sun is seen in the distance. Around
the eclipse is a dark region dipping down from above. Below
that are clouds and below that is the wing and engine of
an airplane.  
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Total Solar Eclipse Below the Bottom of the World
Image Credit & Copyright: Petr Horálek (ESO Photo AmbassadorInst. of Physics in Opava) ; Acknowledgement: Xavier Jubier

Explanation: In late 2021 there was a total solar eclipse visible only at the end of the Earth. To capture the unusual phenomenon, airplanes took flight below the clouded seascape of Southern Ocean. The featured image shows one relatively spectacular capture where the bright spot is the outer corona of the Sun and the eclipsing Moon is seen as the dark spot in the center. A wing and engine of the airplane are visible across the left and bottom of the image, while another airplane observing the eclipse is visible on the far left. The dark area of the sky surrounding the eclipsed Sun is called a shadow cone. It is dark because you are looking down a long corridor of air shadowed by the Moon. A careful inspection of the eclipsed Sun will reveal the planet Mercury just to the right. You won't have to travel to the end of the Earth to see the next total solar eclipse. The total eclipse path will cross North America on 2024 April 8, just over one week from today.

30/03/2024

ASTRONOMY - Medieval Astronomy from Melk Abbey

 024 March 30

See Explanation.  Clicking on the picture will download
 the highest resolution version available.

Medieval Astronomy from Melk Abbey
Image Credit: Paul Beck (Univ. Vienna), Georg Zotti (Vienna Inst. Arch. Science)
Copyright: Library of Melk Abbey, Frag. 229

Explanation: Discovered by accident, this manuscript page provides graphical insight to astronomy in medieval times, before the Renaissance and the influence of Nicolaus CopernicusTycho de BraheJohannes Kepler, and Galileo. The intriguing page is from lecture notes on astronomy compiled by the monk Magister Wolfgang de Styria before the year 1490. The top panels clearly illustrate the necessary geometry for a lunar (left) and solar eclipse in the Earth-centered Ptolemaic system. At lower left is a diagram of the Ptolemaic view of the Solar System with text at the upper right to explain the movement of the planets according to Ptolemy's geocentric model. At the lower right is a chart to calculate the date of Easter Sunday in the Julian calendar. The illustrated manuscript page was found at historic Melk Abbey in Austria.

29/03/2024

SANTé/MEDECINE - Le fonctionnement de l'oeil humain - Schéma de l'œil


Le globe oculaire comprend trois enveloppes emboîtées :

une tunique fibreuse : la sclérotique, ou sclère (à l'avant, elle est transparente et forme la cornée) ;
une tunique vasculaire : la choroïde ;
une tunique interne : la rétine.

La lumière entre dans l'œil par la pupille, au centre de l'iris. La lumière focalise sur la rétine, à l'arrière de l'œil, au niveau de la macula (ou tache jaune), où la concentration des cônes est maximale.

© Chabacano, CC by-sa 3.0

SANTé/MEDECINE - HISTOIRE - 1828 : la pharmacopée d'Antoine Jourdan


La canopée est une ressource inépuisable de molécules biochimiques aux propriétés pharmaceutiques intéressantes. Elle est traditionnellement utilisée en médecine par les peuples vivant dans les forêts tropicales.

Parmi les importantes pharmacopées (ouvrages encyclopédiques recensant principalement des plantes à usage thérapeutique), citons celle d'Antoine Jourdan (1828).

Ces plantes doivent aujourd'hui être protégées de la déforestation.

© Floato, Flickr, CC by-nc-sa 2.0
FuturaSciences

SANTé/MEDECINE - L'électroencéphalographie (EEG) - le cerveau électrique


Avec des capteurs qui détectent la très faible activité des neurones lorsqu'ils s'échangent de l'information, l'électroencéphalographie (EEG) ressemble beaucoup à la magnétoencéphalographie. Il est ainsi possible d'étudier en temps réel les parties du cerveau impliquées dans la vision, la lecture, et donc, le langage et la compréhension.

Seulement, cette technique manque de profondeur, le signal étant repéré au niveau de la surface du cerveau. Si l'on veut savoir ce qu'il se passe en dessous, il faut la coupler à l'IRM.

© CNRS Photothèque, Kaksonen
FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - Galileo's Europa

 2024 March 29

See Explanation.  Clicking on the picture will download
 the highest resolution version available.

Galileo's Europa
Image Credit: NASAJPL-CaltechSETI Institute, Cynthia Phillips, Marty Valenti

Explanation: Looping through the Jovian system in the late 1990s, the Galileo spacecraft recorded stunning views of Europa and uncovered evidence that the moon's icy surface likely hides a deep, global ocean. Galileo's Europa image data has been remastered here, with improved calibrations to produce a color image approximating what the human eye might see. Europa's long curving fractures hint at the subsurface liquid water. The tidal flexing the large moon experiences in its elliptical orbit around Jupiter supplies the energy to keep the ocean liquid. But more tantalizing is the possibility that even in the absence of sunlight that process could also supply the energy to support life, making Europa one of the best places to look for life beyond Earth. The Juno spacecraft currently in Jovian orbit has also made repeated flybys of the water world, returning images along with data exploring Europa's habitability. This October will see the launch of the NASA's Europa Clipper on a voyage of exploration. The spacecraft will make nearly 50 flybys, approaching to within 25 kilometers of Europa's icy surface.

28/03/2024

INVENTEURS TUéS PAR LEURS CREATIONS - John Godfrey Parry-Thomas


Le Gallois John Godfrey Parry-Thomas avait un désir qui le rongeait : regagner son titre de record de vitesse sur terre, titre que lui avait arraché Malcolm Campbell. Pour y parvenir, Parry-Thomas décida de réaliser le véhicule adéquat. Il baptisa son invention Babs. Babs avait subi de nombreuses modifications et n'avait plus rien d'une voiture ordinaire. Ainsi, les chaînes reliant le moteur aux roues motrices obligeaient le conducteur à se tenir la tête inclinée du côté droit. À 270 km/h, la chaîne céda et le décapita partiellement. Il mourut instantanément. Parry Thomas and Babs, Pendine, April 1926 (Our Generation, 1938) 

© Domaine public. Edwc, Wikipedia, CC by 2.0
FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - Galaxies Stars and Dust

 2025 August 28 Galaxies, Stars, and Dust Image Credit &  Copyright :   Robert Eder Explanation:  This well-composed telescopic  field o...