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26/02/2026

Astronomy - WEBB AND HUBBLE - IC 5332

 2026 February 26

See Explanation.  Clicking on the picture will download
the highest resolution version available.

Webb and Hubble: IC 5332
Image Credit: ESA/WebbNASACSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams
Text: Cecilia Chirenti (NASA GSFCUMCPCRESST II)

Explanation: What does the universe look like through infrared goggles? Our eyes can only see visible light, but astronomers want to see more. Today’s APOD shows spiral galaxy IC 5332 as seen by two NASA telescopes: Webb in mid-infrared and Hubble in ultraviolet and visible light. To toggle between the two space-based views just slide your cursor over the image (or follow this link). The Hubble image highlights the spiral arms of the galaxy separated by dark regions, whereas the Webb image reveals a finer, more tangled structure. Interstellar dust scatters and absorbs light from the stars in the galaxy, causing the dark dust lanes in the Hubble image, and then emits heat in infrared light, so dust glows in this Webb image. The Mid-InfraRed Instrument on Webb needs to operate at a chilling temperature of -266ºC (or - 447ºF), otherwise it would detect infrared radiation from the telescope itself. Combining these observations, astronomers connect the “small scale” of gas and stars to the truly large scale of galactic structure and evolution.

25/02/2026

Astronomy - THE EGG NEBULA FROM THE HUBBLE TELESCOPE

 2026 February 25

A starfield is shown with an unusual orange object in the center.
Surrounding this object are blue rings and four thick jets.
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

The Egg Nebula from the Hubble Telescope
Image Credit & Copyright: ESA/Hubble & NASAB. Balick (U. Washington)

Explanation: Ever wonder what it would look like to crack open the Sun? The Egg Nebula, a dying Sun-like star, can unscramble this question. Pictured is a combination of several visible and infrared images of the nebula (also known as RAFGL 2688 or CRL 2688) taken with the Hubble Space Telescope. The star has shed its outer layers, and a bright, hot core (or "yolk") now illuminates the milky "egg white" shells of gas and dust surrounding the center. The central lobes and rings are structures of gas and dust recently ejected into space, with the dust being dense enough to block our view of the stellar core. Light beams emanate from that blocked core, escaping through holes carved in the older ejected material by newer, faster jets expelled from the star’s poles. Astronomers are still trying to figure out what causes the disks, lobes, and jets during this short (only a few thousand years!) phase of the star’s evolution, making this an egg-cellent image to study!

23/02/2026

LINGUISTIQUE - Les origines de la langue basque - (2/2)

Photographie aérienne du site de l'Irulegi. En B, la zone de fouilles avec l'emplacement de la main d'Irulegi dans le bâtiment 6 000. © Cambridge University Press

Les origines du basque enfin éclaircies ? 

Reprenons : les Vascons formaient un peuple de l'âge du fer dans la région des Pyrénées occidentales, où est situé le site d'Irulegi. Les origines de leur dialecte sont encore obscures.

Mais il est un autre groupe ethnolinguistique aux origines inconnues, que l'on rapproche souvent des Vascons : le peuple Basque, dont la langue est un cas unique, un « isolat », c'est-à-dire qu'on ne peut pas démontrer sa filiation avec d'autres langues parlées aujourd'hui.

Or, si les inscriptions sur la main d'Irulegi sont, sans nul doute, d'origine vascone, elles présentent également de grandes similitudes avec le basque moderne, ce qui pourrait indiquer une continuité ou une influence linguistique entre Vascons et Basques !

Pour preuve : le mot « sorioneku », proche du terme basque « zorioneko » qui signifie « bonne fortune ». Une signification cohérente avec l'emplacement de la main - dans l'entrée de la maison - et sa forme, qui suggèrent qu'il aurait pu s'agir d'un porte-bonheur accroché au-dessus de la porte afin de préserver la bonne fortune de ses occupants.

Une découverte exceptionnelle qui n'a pas fini de livrer tous ses secrets, mais qui pourrait bouleverser ce que l'on sait du peuple basque et de son dialecte, dernier vestige des langues préhistoriques et parlée dans la région bien avant l'arrivée des langues indo-européennes dont sont issus, par exemple, le grec ancien et le latin.

FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - Pleiades: The Seven Sisters Star Cluster

 2026 February 23

A cluster of blue stars is seen against a starfield
of brown and clumpy dust. The stars illuminate some of 
the nearby dust which causes the dust to glow blue.
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Pleiades: The Seven Sisters Star Cluster
Image Credit & Copyright: Kamil Fiedosiuk

Explanation: Have you ever seen the Pleiades star cluster? Even if you have, you probably have never seen it as large and clear as this. Perhaps the most famous star cluster on the sky, the bright stars of the Pleiades can be seen with the unaided eye even from the depths of a light-polluted city. With a long exposure from a dark location, though, the dust cloud surrounding the Pleiades star cluster becomes very evident. The featured 18-hour exposure, taken from Bory TucholskiePoland covers a sky area several times the size of the full moon. Also known as the Seven Sisters and M45the Pleiades lies about 400 light years away toward the constellation of the Bull (Taurus). A common legend with a modern twist is that one of the brighter stars faded since the cluster was named, leaving only six of the sister stars visible to the unaided eye. The actual number of Pleiades stars visible, however, may be more or less than seven, depending on the darkness of the surrounding sky and the clarity of the observer's eyesight.

20/02/2026

ASTRONOMY - B93: A Dark Interstellar Ghost

2026 February 20
A starfield with a light, orange-tinged background 
has a dark nebula that looks like a flying ghost visible
near the middle. 
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

B93: A Dark Interstellar Ghost
Image Credit & Copyright: Christian Bertincourt; Text: Keighley Rockcliffe (NASA GSFCUMBC CSSTCRESST II)

Explanation: "A ghost in the Milky Way…” says Christian Bertincourt, the astrophotographer behind this striking image of Barnard 93 (B93). The 93rd entry in Barnard’s Catalogue of Dark Nebulae, B93 lies within the Small Sagittarius Star Cloud (Messier 24), where its darkness stands in stark contrast to bright stars and gas in the background. In some ways, B93 is really like a ghost, because it contains gas and dust that was dispersed by the deaths of stars, like supernovas. B93 appears as a dark void not because it is empty, but because its dust blocks the light emitted by more distant stars and glowing gas. Like other dark nebulas, some gas from B93, if dense and massive enough, will eventually gravitationally condense to form new stars. If so, then once these stars ignite, B93 will transform from a dark ghost into a brilliant cradle of newborn stars. 

19/02/2026

ASTRONOMY - IC 2574: Coddington's Nebula

 2026 February 19

See Explanation.  Clicking on the picture will download
the highest resolution version available.

IC 2574: Coddington's Nebula
Image Credit & CopyrightDane Vetter

Explanation: Grand spiral galaxies often seem to get all the glory, flaunting their young, bright, blue star clusters in beautiful, symmetric spiral arms. But small, irregular galaxies form stars too. In fact, dwarf galaxy IC 2574 shows clear evidence of intense star forming activity in its telltale reddish regions of glowing hydrogen gas. Just as in spiral galaxies, the turbulent star-forming regions in IC 2574 are churned by stellar winds and supernova explosions spewing material into the galaxy's interstellar medium and triggering further star formation. A mere 12 million light-years distant, IC 2574 is part of the M81 group of galaxies, seen toward the northern constellation Ursa Major. Also known as Coddington's Nebula, the faint but intriguing island universe is about 50,000 light-years across, discovered by American astronomer Edwin Coddington in 1898.

18/02/2026

ASTRONOMY - Orion's Cradle

 2026 February 18

A starfield is shown filled with red glowing gas. On
the right is a blue-glowing complex nebula, while on the left
there is a long encircling arc of red gas. 
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Orion's Cradle
Image Credit & Copyright: Piotr Czerski

Explanation: Cradled in red-glowing hydrogen gas, stars are being born in Orion. These stellar nurseries lie at the edge of the giant Orion molecular cloud complex, some 1,500 light-years away. This detailed view spans about 12 degrees across the center of the well-known constellation, with the Great Orion Nebula, the closest large star-forming region, visible toward the lower right. The deep mosaic also includes, near the top center, the Flame Nebula and the Horsehead Nebula. Image data acquired with a hydrogen-alpha filter adds other remarkable features to this wide-angle cosmic vista: pervasive tendrils of energized atomic hydrogen gas and portions of the surrounding Barnard's Loop. While the Orion Nebula and many stars in Orion are easy to see with the unaided eye, emission from the extensive interstellar gas is faint and much harder to record, even in telescopic views of the nebula-rich complex.

17/02/2026

LINGUISTIQUE - Les origines de la langue basque - (1/2)


Un peu plus d'un an après l'annonce de la découverte d'un mystérieux artefact vascon daté du Ier siècle av. J.C., un article publié dans la prestigieuse revue Antiquity de l'université de Cambridge apporte de nouvelles révélations sur cette main en bronze, qui pourrait renfermer les secrets des origines de la langue basque.

Retournons d'abord en arrière. Nous voici en 2021, sur le site d'Irulegi, un oppidum situé dans la vallée d'Aranguren, en Navarre (actuel Pays basque), au nord de l'Espagne. Les archéologues n'en reviennent pas. Juste-là, dans l'entrée du bâtiment 6000 daté de l'Âge de fer, dort une main en bronze. Découverte dans une couche stratigraphique, elle n'est jamais sortie de cet endroit, manifestement détruit par le feu. Une découverte aux caractéristiques hors-du-commun


Baptisée « la main d'Irulegi », la trouvaille porte quatre lignes d'inscriptions sur son dos, faisant d'elle la plus ancienne trace écrite dans la langue des Vascons. La découverte est si inhabituelle qu'il faudra attendre un an avant qu'elle ne soit annoncée. Et pour cause, l'artefact se distingue par les caractéristiques de ses inscriptions, qui combinent deux techniques :

le sgraffito : une technique qui consiste à appliquer une couche de matériau - ici, du bronze - puis une seconde que l'on vient ensuite gratter pour révéler la couche inférieure, créant ainsi un motif ou un dessin.

L'utilisation de points poinçonnés autour des signes gravés afin de les mettre en évidence, une méthode inhabituelle et complexe, jusqu'alors non documentée dans les inscriptions paléohispaniques.

Mais le plus extraordinaire reste encore la nature linguistique des inscriptions, confirmée par ce nouvel article et suggérant une connexion linguistique entre le vasconique et le basque.

.../

FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - Tails of Comet Wierzchoś

 2026 February 17

A star field shows a bright comet with its head
on the lower left and tails extending toward the upper
right. A background galaxy is visible on the far right.
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Tails of Comet Wierzchoś
Image Credit & Copyright: José J. Chambó;
Text: Cecilia Chirenti (NASA GSFCUMCPCRESST II)

Explanation: Some comets are regular guests of our solar neighborhood; others come by only once, never to return. We won’t have another chance to see Comet C/2024 E1 (Wierzchoś), which is currently making its way through the inner Solar System. The hyperbolic orbit of this comet indicates that it will likely become an interstellar traveler. Comet Wierzchoś is today near its closest approach to the Earth, passing roughly the same distance from the Earth as is the Sun. The featured 30-minute exposure was taken last week in Chile and shows a 5-degree long ion tail as well as three shorter dust tails. The green hue of the coma comes from the breakdown of dicarbon molecules by sunlight, but that process does not last long enough to also tinge the tails. On the far right lies a spiral galaxy far in the distance: NGC 300.

16/02/2026

ASTRONOMY - Unexplained Shocks Around a White Dwarf Star

 2026 February 16

A star field shows colorful pill-shaped nebula 
extending from the bottom left toward the upper right.
Colors include, from the outside in, red, green, and
blue. 
Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Unexplained Shocks Around a White Dwarf Star
Image Credit: ESOK. Iłkiewicz & S. Scaringi et al.;
Text: Cecilia Chirenti (NASA GSFCUMCPCRESST II)

Explanation: How is RXJ0528+2838 creating such shock waves? A recently discovered white dwarf star, the farther left of the two largest white spots, RXJ0528+2838, was found 730 light-years away from Earth. Most stars, when done fusing nuclei in their cores for energy, become red giant stars, the cores of which live on as faint dense white dwarfs that slowly cool down for the rest of time. White dwarfs are so dense that the only thing that stops them from collapsing further is quantum mechanics. In about 5 billion years, our Sun will become a white dwarf, too. The featured image, obtained with the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope, shows unexplained bow shocks around RXJ0528+2838, similar to the bow wave of water around a fast-moving ship. Astronomers don’t yet know what is powering these shocks, which have existed for at least 1,000 years. The red, green and blue colors represent trace amounts of glowing hydrogennitrogen and oxygen gas.

Les belles inventions de Leonard de Vinci - LE BATEAU A AUBES

Léonard de Vinci n'est pas l'inventeur du concept du bateau à aubes : on le trouve déjà dans les œuvres de l'ingénieur et arch...