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30/08/2020

Nasa : NGC 6357: Cathedral to Massive Stars - (Science & Technologie - Astyronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 30
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NGC 6357: Cathedral to Massive Stars 
Image Credit: NASAESA and Jesús Maíz Apellániz (IAA, Spain); Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin (ESA/Hubble)
Explanation: How massive can a normal star be? Estimates made from distance, brightness and standard solar models had given one star in the open cluster Pismis 24 over 200 times the mass of our Sun, making it one of the most massive stars known. This star is the brightest object located just above the gas front in the featured image. Close inspection of images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, however, have shown that Pismis 24-1 derives its brilliant luminosity not from a single star but from three at least. Component starswould still remain near 100 solar masses, making them among the more massive stars currently on record. Toward the bottom of the image, stars are still forming in the associated emission nebula NGC 6357. Appearing perhaps like a Gothic cathedral, energetic stars near the center appear to be breaking out and illuminating a spectacular cocoon.

29/08/2020

Nasa : Martian Chiaroscuro - (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 29
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Martian Chiaroscuro 
Image Credit: HiRISEMROLPL (U. Arizona)NASA
Explanation: Deep shadows create dramatic contrasts between light and dark in this high-resolution close-up of the martian surface. Recorded on January 24, 2014 by the HiRISE camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the scene spans about 1.5 kilometers. From 250 kilometers above the Red Planet the camera is looking down at a sand dune field in a southern highlands crater. Captured when the Sun was about 5 degrees above the local horizon, only the dune crests were caught in full sunlight. A long, cold winter was coming to the southern hemisphere and bright ridges of seasonal frost line the martian dunes. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, one of the oldest operating spacecraft at the Red Planet, celebrated the 15th anniversary of its launch from planet Earth on August 12.

28/08/2020

Nasa : The Valley of Orion - (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 28
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The Valley of Orion 
Visualization Credit: NASAESA, F. Summers, G. Bacon,
Z. Levay, J. DePasquale, L. Frattare, M. Robberto, M. Gennaro (STScI) and R. Hurt (Caltech/IPAC)
Explanation: This exciting and unfamiliar view of the Orion Nebula is a visualization based on astronomical data and movie rendering techniques. Up close and personal with a famous stellar nursery normally seen from 1,500 light-years away, the digitally modeled frame transitions from a visible light representation based on Hubble data on the left to infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope on the right. The perspective at the center looks along a valley over a light-year wide, in the wall of the region's giant molecular cloud. Orion's valley ends in a cavity carved by the energetic winds and radiation of the massive central stars of the Trapezium star cluster. The single frame is part of a multiwavelength, three-dimensional video that lets the viewer experience an immersive, three minute flight through the Great Nebula of Orion.

27/08/2020

Nasa : Shell Galaxies in Pisces - (Science & Technologie - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 27
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Shell Galaxies in Pisces 
Image Credit & Copyright: Martin Pugh
Explanation: This intergalactic skyscape features a peculiar system of galaxies cataloged as Arp 227 some 100 million light-years distant. Swimming within the boundaries of the constellation Pisces, Arp 227 consists of the two galaxies prominent right of center, the curious shell galaxy NGC 474 and its blue, spiral-armed neighbor NGC 470. The faint, wide arcs or shells of NGC 474 could have been formed by a gravitational encounter with neighbor NGC 470. Alternately the shells could be caused by a merger with a smaller galaxy producing an effect analogous to ripples across the surface of a pond. The large galaxy on the top lefthand side of the deep image, NGC 467, appears to be surrounded by faint shells too, evidence of another interacting galaxy system. Intriguing background galaxies are scattered around the field that also includes spiky foreground stars. Of course, those stars lie well within our own Milky Way Galaxy. The field of view spans 25 arc minutes or about 1/2 degree on the sky.

26/08/2020

Courrier International : Notre ciel, deux soleils ? (Science & Technologie - Astronomie)


Il y a peut-être eu deux soleils dans notre ciel

“Il y a des milliards d’années, il y avait peut-être deux soleils dans notre Système solaire, rapporte le New Scientist. Si tel est le cas, cela pourrait expliquer comment le système solaire a embarqué ses objets les plus extérieurs, y compris l’hypothétique planète 9.” L’hebdomadaire britannique résume ainsi les travaux d’Amir Siraj et Avi Loeb publiés dans The Astrophysical Journal Letters, le 18 août.

Ces chercheurs de l’université d’Harvard ont calculé que si, durant sa jeunesse, notre Soleil a fait partie d’un système binaire (à deux étoiles), une attraction gravitationnelle plus grande a été exercée sur une plus grande zone, augmentant d’un facteur 5 la probabilité que notre système solaire dispose d’un ensemble de corps célestes à ses confins, comme le nuage d’Oort – dont l’origine demeure un mystère – par rapport à un système à une seule étoile.

En outre, dans leur hypothèse à deux soleils, la probabilité que notre système capture une neuvième planète est augmentée d’un facteur 20 environ.

L’idée que notre système ait pu avoir deux étoiles n’est pas spécialement farfelue : dans l’univers, “plus de la moitié des étoiles qui ressemblent à notre Soleil ont un compagnon”, assure Avi Loeb. Et surtout, si elle permet d’expliquer à la fois la formation du nuage d’Oort et l’existence de l’hypothétique planète 9, elle a de quoi séduire la communauté scientifique.

25/08/2020

Nasa : Visualization: A Black Hole Accretion Disk - (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 25
Visualization Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight CenterJeremy Schnittman
Explanation: What would it look like to circle a black hole? If the black hole was surrounded by a swirling disk of glowing and accreting gas, then the great gravity of the black hole would deflect light emitted by the disk to make it look very unusual. The featured animated video gives a visualization. The video starts with you, the observer, looking toward the black hole from just above the plane of the accretion disk. Surrounding the central black hole is a thin circular image of the orbiting disk that marks the position of the photon sphere -- inside of which lies the black hole's event horizon. Toward the left, parts of the large main image of the disk appear brighter as they move toward you. As the video continues, you loop over the black hole, soon looking down from the top, then passing through the disk plane on the far side, then returning to your original vantage point. The accretion disk does some interesting image inversions -- but never appears flat. Visualizations such as this are particularly relevant today as black holes are being imaged in unprecedented detail by the Event Horizon Telescope.

23/08/2020

Nasa : The Helix Nebula from Blanco and Hubble (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 23
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The Helix Nebula from Blanco and Hubble 
Image Credit: C. R. O'Dell, (Vanderbilt) et al. ESANOAONASA
Explanation: How did a star create the Helix nebula? The shapes of planetary nebula like the Helix are important because they likely hold clues to how stars like the Sun end their lives. Observations by the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope and the 4-meter Blanco Telescopein Chile, however, have shown the Helix is not really a simple helix. Rather, it incorporates two nearly perpendicular disks as well as arcs, shocks, and even features not well understood. Even so, many strikingly geometric symmetries remain. How a single Sun-like star created such beautiful yet geometric complexity is a topic of research. The Helix Nebula is the nearest planetary nebula to Earth, lies only about 700 light years away toward the constellation of Aquarius, and spans about 3 light-years.

17/08/2020

Jingyi Zhang : Perseids Around the Milky Way - (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 17
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Perseids Around the Milky Way
Image Credit & Copyright: Jingyi Zhang
Explanation: Why would meteor trails appear curved? The arcing effect arises only because the image artificially compresses (nearly) the whole sky into a rectangle. The meteors are from the Perseid Meteor Shower that peaked last week. The featured multi-frame image combines not only different directions from the 360 projection, but different times when bright Perseid meteors momentarily streaked across the sky. All Perseid meteors can be traced back to the constellation Perseus toward the lower left, even the seemingly curved (but really straight) meteor trails. Although Perseids always point back to their Perseus radiant, they can appear almost anywhere on the sky. The image was taken from Inner MongoliaChina, where grasslands meet sand dunes. Many treasures also visible in the busy night sky including the central arch of our Milky Way Galaxy, the planets Saturn and Jupiter toward the right, colorful airglow on the central left, and some relatively nearby Earthly clouds. The Perseid Meteor Shower peaks every August.

16/08/2020

ESA/Hubble & NASA : NGC 6814: Grand Design Spiral Galaxy from Hubble (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 16
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NGC 6814: Grand Design Spiral Galaxy from Hubble
Image Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASAAcknowledgement: Judy Schmidt
Explanation: In the center of this serene stellar swirl is likely a harrowing black-hole beast. The surrounding swirl sweeps around billions of stars which are highlighted by the brightest and bluest. The breadth and beauty of the display give the swirl the designation of a grand design spiral galaxy. The central beast shows evidence that it is a supermassive black hole about 10 million times the mass of our Sun. This ferocious creature devours stars and gas and is surrounded by a spinning moat of hot plasma that emits blasts of X-rays. The central violent activity gives it the designation of a Seyfert galaxy. Together, this beauty and beast are cataloged as NGC 6814 and have been appearing together toward the constellation of the Eagle (Aquila) for roughly the past billion years.

09/08/2020

Science & Avenir : "Le cratère de Serra da Cangalha, au Brésil" - (Science & Tecnologie - La Terre vue de l'Espace)

Le cratère de Serra da Cangalha, au Brésil
Serra da Cangalha est considéré comme l'impact de cratère le mieux préservé du Brésil. Selon les estimations des géologues, une météorite a frappé la Terre à cet endroit il y a 220 millions d'années. Sur cette image réalisée par le satellite Terra, on distingue nettement les cercles concentriques qui révèlent la structure du cratère d'environ 13 kilomètres de diamètre. La partie centrale culmine à 420 mètres d'altitude. Les nuances de vert détaillent le paysage typique de la région qui mêle savane et forêt ripisylve.

08/08/2020

Sabado : De Nova Iorque a Paris em 90 minutos (Ciência & Tecnologia - Aeronautica)

A Hermeus, uma startup aeroespacial norte-americana, anunciou ontem um contrato com a Força Aérea dos Estados Unidos e a Direção de Transporte Aéreo Presidencial e Executivo para construir uma nova aeronave para a frota do presidente, também conhecida como Air Force One. Até à data, a empresa americana Boeing era a única a construir aeronaves para transporte presidencial, incluindo um modelo 747-8 personalizado que estará pronto no próximo ano.

No seu comunicado, a Hermeus alega ter conseguido o contrato depois de desenhar, construir e testar com sucesso o protótipo de um novo motor capaz de atingir o número 5 na escala de Mach (medida adimensional definida pela rapidez de um objeto em movimento e a das ondas sonoras), ou seja, uma velocidade 5 vezes maior do que a da propagação do som (cerca de 5 310 quilómetros por hora).
O protótipo do novo motor da Hermeus que fará parte do novo jato da frota presidencial norte-americana
O protótipo do novo motor da Hermeus que fará parte do novo jato da frota presidencial norte-americana

Cassini Imaging Team : Crescent Saturn - (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 8
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Crescent Saturn
Image Credit: NASAESASSICassini Imaging Team
Explanation: From Earth, Saturn never shows a crescent phase. But when viewed from a spacecraft the majestic giant planet can show just a sunlit slice. This image of crescent Saturn in natural color was taken by the robotic Cassini spacecraft in 2007. It captures Saturn's rings from the side of the ring plane opposite the Sun -- the unilluminated side -- another vista not visible from Earth. Visible are subtle colors of cloud bands, the complex shadows of the rings on the planet, and the shadow of the planet on the rings. The moons Mimas, at 2 o'clock, and Janus 4 o'clock, can be seen as specks of light, but the real challenge is to find Pandora (8 o'clock). From Earth, Saturn's disk is nearly full now and opposite the Sun. Along with bright fellow giant planet Jupiter it rises in the early evening.

Sciences Avenir : "Comment les animaux voient-ils le monde ?" - (Science & Technologie - Animaux)

Pendant longtemps, l'humain pensait être le seul être vivant à apercevoir les couleurs. Maintenant, nous savons que la vision des animaux est aussi complexe que la nôtre, voire plus !
Vision des animauxLes chiens voient le marron, le bleu et le jaune.

Vision floue et seulement en noir et blanc. Pendant longtemps, c'est ainsi que l'homme imaginait les capacités visuelles des autres animaux. On sait aujourd'hui que tout cela est faux et que de nombreuses espèces possèdent même une vision bien plus complexe que la nôtre comme les oiseaux qui voient au-delà du spectre visible à savoir le rayonnement ultraviolet quand nos yeux humains cessent de voir au-delà du violet. Cette vidéo fait tomber quelques préjugés : non, les chiens ne voient pas en noir et blanc comme le veut la croyance commune. Ils sont sensibles au marron, au bleu et au jaune tout comme les chats. Certes les requins sont daltoniens mais ils sont très sensibles aux contrastes et possèdent une vision très nette dans l'eau. Les capacités oculaires des animaux paraissent donc bien adaptées à leurs besoins.

Prokofiev/Valery Gergiev/London Symphony Orchestra : "Romeo and Juliet/Dance of the kniths" (Music - Live - Video)


07/08/2020

Jose Mtanos : The Pipe Nebula (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 7
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The Pipe Nebula
Image Credit & Copyright: Jose Mtanos
Explanation: East of Antares, dark markings sprawl through crowded star fields toward the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. Cataloged in the early 20th century by astronomer E. E. Barnard, the obscuring interstellar dust clouds include B59, B72, B77 and B78, seen in against the starry background. Here, their combined shape suggests a pipe stem and bowl, and so the dark nebula's popular name is the Pipe Nebula. The deep and expansive view covers a full 10 by 10 degree field in the pronounceable constellation Ophiuchus. The Pipe Nebula is part of the Ophiuchus dark cloud complex located at a distance of about 450 light-years. Dense cores of gas and dust within the Pipe Nebula are collapsing to form stars.

Trustmyscience : Comment fonctionne un moteur à explosion ? Et quelle est son origine ? - (Science & Technologie - Mécanique) 2/6

Il existe deux types de moteurs à explosion : le moteur 2 temps et le moteur 4 temps. Voici leurs particularités.


Le moteur à 2 temps : il s’appelle ainsi car il réalise un aller-retour, ce qui donne deux mouvements. Dans ce moteur, le piston fait accomplir un seul tour au vilebrequin pour effectuer un cycle complet. Il n’y a ni distribution, ni soupapes, ni arbres à cames et très peu de pièces en mouvement. Le bruit est plus aigu que celui d’un moteur à 4 temps.
moteur-deux-temps
Étienne Lenoir fabrique le premier moteur à combustible interne, ou moteur à explosion (2 temps) exploitant le principe de combustible alimenté par une source d’énergie. Crédits : bukk/CC BY-SA 3.0/Wikimédia Commo

06/08/2020

Trustmyscience : Comment fonctionne un moteur à explosion ? Et quelle est son origine ? - (Science & Technologie - Mécanique) 1/6

moteur explosion lenoir

En 1860, le premier moteur à allumage commandé opérationnel par bougie d’allumage est créé : il s’agit d’un moteur à deux temps utilisant du gaz de houille comme carburant. Ce dernier a été inventé par Étienne Lenoir (un inventeur belge, de son nom complet Jean-Joseph Étienne Lenoir) et est l’ancêtre des moteurs que nous utilisons (notamment) aujourd’hui dans nos véhicules. Dans cet article, nous mettons en lumière les origines du moteur à explosion.

En réalité, il faut savoir qu’un tel mécanisme avait déjà été mis au point, dès 1690, par le physicien Denis Rapin, qui a utilisé la vapeur au sein d’une chaudière extérieure au moteur. Malheureusement, ce système était instable et donc inutilisable. Par la suite, il a été indispensable de décomposer le moteur en plusieurs éléments séparés, mais cela entraînait une perte de chaleur, et donc, une diminution du rendement…

Le fonctionnement du moteur à simple effet et à deux temps, surnommé « moteur dilaté par la combustion du gaz de l’éclairage enflammé par l’électricité » par Étienne Lenoir, lorsqu’il déposa son brevet pour sa création, le 24 janvier 1860, peut se résumer ainsi :

Dans un premier temps, le piston s’éloigne du fond du cylindre, aspire le mélange de gaz d’éclairage (à l’origine, il désigne le gaz de houille, car il était destiné à l’éclairage : le terme gaz d’éclairage renvoie à la technique permettant d’éclairer à partir d’un gaz) et d’air ; vers le milieu de sa course, l’ouverture d’aspiration est fermée, une étincelle éclate au fond du cylindre et produit l’explosion ; la fin de la course est motrice du fait de la détente des gaz brûlés. Puis, dans un second temps, le piston, en revenant en arrière par l’effet d’une bielle (soit une pièce dotée de deux articulations, une à chaque extrémité, dans le but de transmettre une forme, un mouvement, ou une position), chasse dehors les gaz de combustion par une soupape d’échappement commandée mécaniquement par le moteur.

Il faut savoir que ce moteur est littéralement l’ancêtre de ceux qui se trouvent aujourd’hui dans la plupart des véhicules que nous utilisons.

(à suivre)

05/08/2020

Martha Schaefer, Brad Schaefer, Jim Stamm; Music & License : Picture Rocks Sun Dagger (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 5
Picture Rocks Sun Dagger
Video Credit & Copyright: Martha Schaefer, Brad Schaefer, Jim Stamm; Music & LicenseAwakening (Wojciech Usarewicz), Lone Tree Music
Explanation: Ancient sun daggers will not hurt you, but they may tell you the time.  A sun dagger is a dagger-shaped gap in a shadow created by sunlight streaming through a crevice in a nearby rock. Starting over a thousand year ago, native people of the American southwest carved spiral petroglyphs into rocks that became illuminated by sun daggers in different ways as the Sun shifts in the sky. A type of sundial, where the end of the sundagger points in the spiral at high noon (for example) indicates a time of year, possibly illuminating a solstice or equinox.  Sun daggers are thought to have been used by Sun Priests during lone vigils with prayers and offerings.  Of the few known, the featured video discusses the historic Picture Rocks Sun Dagger near TucsonArizonaUSA, likely created by a Hohokam Sun Priest around 1000 AD. 

04/08/2020

Robert Gendler & Roberto Colombari : NGC 2442: Galaxy in Volans (Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day)

2020 August 4
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NGC 2442: Galaxy in Volans
Image Credit & CopyrightProcessing: Robert Gendler & Roberto Colombari
Data: Hubble Legacy ArchiveEuropean Southern Observatory

Explanation: Distorted galaxy NGC 2442 can be found in the southern constellation of the flying fish, (Piscis) Volans. Located about 50 million light-years away, the galaxy's two spiral arms extending from a pronounced central bar have a hook-like appearance in wide-field images. But this mosaicked close-up, constructed from Hubble Space Telescope and European Southern Observatory data, follows the galaxy's structure in amazing detail. Obscuring dust lanes, young blue star clusters and reddish star forming regions surround a core of yellowish light from an older population of stars. The sharp image data also reveal more distant background galaxies seen right through NGC 2442's star clusters and nebulae. The image spans about 75,000 light-years at the estimated distance of NGC 2442.

02/08/2020

Damia Bouic : Two Worlds, One Sun - Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day

2020 August 2
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Two Worlds, One Sun
Left Image Credit & Copyright: Damia Bouic;
Right Image Credit: NASAJPL-CaltechMSSSDigital processing: Damia Bouic
Explanation: How different does sunset appear from Mars than from Earth? For comparison, two images of our common star were taken at sunset, one from Earth and one from Mars. These images were scaled to have same angular width and featured here side-by-side. A quick inspection will reveal that the Sun appears slightly smaller from Mars than from Earth. This makes sense since Mars is 50% further from the Sun than Earth. More striking, perhaps, is that the Martian sunset is noticeably bluer near the Sun than the typically orange colors near the setting Sun from Earth. The reason for the blue hues from Mars is not fully understood, but thought to be related to forward scattering properties of Martian dust. The terrestrial sunset was taken in 2012 March from MarseilleFrance, while the Martian sunset was captured in 2015 by NASA's robotic Curiosity rover from Gale crater on Mars. Last week a new rover and a helicopter -- onboard Mars 2020 -- launched for Mars.

01/08/2020

Chad Leader : The Elephant's Trunk Nebula in Cepheus - Science & Technology - Astronomy picture of the day

2020 August 1
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The Elephant's Trunk Nebula in Cepheus
Image Credit & Copyright: Chad Leader
Explanation: Like an illustration in a galactic Just So Story, the Elephant's Trunk Nebula winds through the emission nebula and young star cluster complex IC 1396, in the high and far off constellation of Cepheus. Also known as vdB 142, the cosmic elephant's trunk is over 20 light-years long. This detailed close-up view was recorded through narrow band filters that transmit the light from ionized hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the region. The resulting composite highlights the bright swept-back ridges that outline pockets of cool interstellar dust and gas. Such embedded, dark, tendril-shaped clouds contain the raw material for star formation and hide protostars within. Nearly 3,000 light-years distant, the relatively faint IC 1396 complex covers a large region on the sky, spanning over 5 degrees. This dramatic scene spans a 1 degree wide field of view though, about the size of 2 Full Moons.

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