ASTRONOMY - Trapezium: At the Heart of Orion

 2024 January 5

Trapezium: At the Heart of Orion
Image Credit & Copyright: Fred Zimmer, Telescope Live

Explanation: Near the center of this sharp cosmic portrait, at the heart of the Orion Nebula, are four hot, massive stars known as the Trapezium. Gathered within a region about 1.5 light-years in radius, they dominate the core of the dense Orion Nebula Star Cluster. Ultraviolet ionizing radiation from the Trapezium stars, mostly from the brightest star Theta-1 Orionis C powers the complex star forming region's entire visible glow. About three million years old, the Orion Nebula Cluster was even more compact in its younger years and a dynamical study indicates that runaway stellar collisions at an earlier age may have formed a black hole with more than 100 times the mass of the Sun. The presence of a black hole within the cluster could explain the observed high velocities of the Trapezium stars. The Orion Nebula's distance of some 1,500 light-years would make it one of the closest known black holes to planet Earth.

ASTRONOMY - Zeta Oph: Runaway Star

 2024 January 4

Zeta Oph: Runaway Star
Image Credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech, Spitzer Space Telescope

Explanation: Like a ship plowing through cosmic seas, runaway star Zeta Ophiuchi produces the arcing interstellar bow wave or bow shock seen in this stunning infrared portrait. In the false-color view, bluish Zeta Oph, a star about 20 times more massive than the Sun, lies near the center of the frame, moving toward the left at 24 kilometers per second. Its strong stellar wind precedes it, compressing and heating the dusty interstellar material and shaping the curved shock front. What set this star in motion? Zeta Oph was likely once a member of a binary star system, its companion star was more massive and hence shorter lived. When the companion exploded as a supernova catastrophically losing mass, Zeta Oph was flung out of the system. About 460 light-years away, Zeta Oph is 65,000 times more luminous than the Sun and would be one of the brighter stars in the sky if it weren't surrounded by obscuring dust. The image spans about 1.5 degrees or 12 light-years at the estimated distance of Zeta Ophiuchi. In January 2020, NASA placed the Spitzer Space Telescope in safe mode, ending its 16 successful years of exploring the cosmos.

BIOMIMETISME - Innovations inspirées par la Nature - Quand les termites inspirent les architectes

Les termitières peuvent atteindre plusieurs mètres de haut et abriter plusieurs milliers d'insectes. Les espèces qui vivent dans les pays chauds, comme en Namibie par exemple, doivent faire face à un challenge de taille : ne pas mourir de chaud. Les termites font alors preuve d'une grande intelligence lors de la construction de leur foyer. Elles creusent de longues galeries qui relient entre elles des loges. Ces galeries débouchent sur l'extérieur et permettent alors à l'air de circuler dans toute la termitière et de la ventiler. Quand il fait 40 °C à l'extérieur, la température au sein de la termitière ne dépasse pas 30 °C. L'air chaud est constamment évacuer vers l'extérieur tandis que l'air à l'intérieur de la construction garde une température acceptable.

Il n'y a pas que les termites qui souffrent de la chaleur et ont besoin ventilation, les humains aussi. Des architectes ont construit au Zimbwawe un immeuble inspiré des termitières qui ne possède pas d'air conditionné puisqu'il s'autoventile. Le Eastgate Center est pourvu d'une multitude d'ouvertures sur l'extérieur qui permet à l'air chaud de s'évacuer. Résultat, sans climatisation, la température ne dépasse jamais 27 °C.

© W. Bulach, Wikimedia Commons, CC by-sa 4.0

FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - A SAR Arc from New Zealand

 2024 January 3

A SAR Arc from New Zealand
Image Credit & Copyright: Tristian McDonald; Text: Tiffany Lewis (Michigan Tech U.)

Explanation: What is that unusual red halo surrounding this aurora? It is a Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arc. SAR arcs are rare and have only been acknowledged and studied since 1954. The featured wide-angle photograph, capturing nearly an entire SAR arc surrounding more common green and red aurora, was taken earlier this month from Poolburn, New Zealand, during an especially energetic geomagnetic storm. Why SAR arcs form remains a topic of research, but is likely related to Earth's protective magnetic field, a field created by molten iron flowing deep inside the Earth. This magnetic field usually redirects incoming charged particles from the Sun's wind toward the Earth's poles. However, it also traps a ring of ions closer to the equator, where they can gain energy from the magnetosphere during high solar activity. The energetic electrons in this ion ring can collide with and excite oxygen higher in Earth's ionosphere than typical auroras, causing the oxygen to glow red. Ongoing research has uncovered evidence that a red SAR arc can even transform into a purple and green STEVE.

ASTRONOMY - Rocket Transits Rippling Moon

 2024 January 2

Rocket Transits Rippling Moon
Image Credit & Copyright: Steven Madow

Explanation: Can a rocket make the Moon ripple? No, but it can make a background moon appear wavy. The rocket, in this case, was a SpaceX Falcon Heavy that blasted off from NASA's Kennedy Space Center last week. In the featured launch picture, the rocket's exhaust plume glows beyond its projection onto the distant, rising, and nearly full moon. Oddly, the Moon's lower edge shows unusual drip-like ripples. The Moon itself, far in the distance, was really unchanged. The physical cause of these apparent ripples was pockets of relatively hot or rarefied air deflecting moonlight less strongly than pockets of relatively cool or compressed air: refraction. Although the shot was planned, the timing of the launch had to be just right for the rocket to be transiting the Moon during this single exposure.

ASTRONOMY - NGC 1232: A Grand Design Spiral Galaxy

 2024 January 1

NGC 1232: A Grand Design Spiral Galaxy
Image Credit: FORS, 8.2-meter VLT Antu, ESO

Explanation: Galaxies are fascinating not only for what is visible, but for what is invisible. Grand spiral galaxy NGC 1232, captured in detail by one of the Very Large Telescopes, is a good example. The visible is dominated by millions of bright stars and dark dust, caught up in a gravitational swirl of spiral arms revolving about the center. Open clusters containing bright blue stars can be seen sprinkled along these spiral arms, while dark lanes of dense interstellar dust can be seen sprinkled between them. Less visible, but detectable, are billions of dim normal stars and vast tracts of interstellar gas, together wielding such high mass that they dominate the dynamics of the inner galaxy. Leading theories indicate that even greater amounts of matter are invisible, in a form we don't yet know. This pervasive dark matter is postulated, in part, to explain the motions of the visible matter in the outer regions of galaxies.

ASTRONOMIE - Photo - La lune dans les ailes

"La Lune dans les ailes" 

"J'avais remarqué la possibilité de faire une photo sympa moulin et lune. Parti le bon soir, avec une bonne météo et de la patience.

Ce moulin se trouve a terdeghem 59"

Pierre Derycke

BIOMIMETISME - Innovations inspirées par la Nature - Des robots spatiaux équipés de patte de gecko

Comment font les geckos pour escalader des surfaces totalement lisses sans tomber ? Le dessous de leurs pattes est tapissé de milliers de replis eux-mêmes recouverts de petits poils. Ces lamelles adhésives ne sécrètent pas de mucus ou autres substances biologiques, leur capacité adhésive tient seulement dans l'apparition des forces de van der Waals entre les poils des pattes et la surface sur laquelle le gecko marche. Elles sont suffisamment fortes pour que le petit reptile puisse marcher au plafond.

Cette prouesse a inspiré les ingénieurs en aérospatial pour créer des systèmes d'adhérence sèche qui pourraient équiper des robots officiant dans le vide spatial où les ventouses sont inefficaces. Un matériau conçu à partir des pattes de gecko a été testé avec succès en 2017 par des chercheurs de l'université de Standford.

© Brian Gratwicke, Wikimedia Commons, CC by-sa 2.0 Générique

FuturaSciences

ASTRONOMY - Illustris: A Simulation of the Universe

 2023 December 31

Illustris: A Simulation of the Universe
Video Credit: Illustris Collaboration, NASA, PRACE, XSEDE, MIT, Harvard CfA;
Music: The Poisoned Princess (Media Right Productions)

Explanation: How did we get here? Click play, sit back, and watch. A computer simulation of the evolution of the universe provides insight into how galaxies formed and perspectives into humanity's place in the universe. The Illustris project exhausted 20 million CPU hours in 2014 following 12 billion resolution elements spanning a cube 35 million light years on a side as it evolved over 13 billion years. The simulation tracks matter into the formation of a wide variety of galaxy types. As the virtual universe evolves, some of the matter expanding with the universe soon gravitationally condenses to form filaments, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. The featured video takes the perspective of a virtual camera circling part of this changing universe, first showing the evolution of dark matter, then hydrogen gas coded by temperature (0:45), then heavy elements such as helium and carbon (1:30), and then back to dark matter (2:07). On the lower left the time since the Big Bang is listed, while on the lower right the type of matter being shown is listed. Explosions (0:50) depict galaxy-center supermassive black holes expelling bubbles of hot gas. Interesting discrepancies between Illustris and the real universe have been studied, including why the simulation produced an overabundance of old stars.

MUSIC - Johann Sebastian Bach - Air on g string

"Air on g string"